Crop Insurance Proposal Could Cost U.S. Billions PowerPoint Presentation

Crop Insurance Proposal Could Cost U.S. Billions - PowerPoint Presentation Example Yet other farmers reflect that they should produce enough crop that is actually capable of supporting subsides since the crop market thrives because of subsidies itself. In order to compete in the international arena, the plains of Dakota and Montana are slowly being converted to crop fields while they once were the abode of birds. There is a gigantic increase in the prices of the land while the grasslands are being transformed to fields. The real estate business is thriving leaps and bounds, since, everyone is eager to purchase the land for farming. Farmers are guaranteed a profit even though the land is not so fertile and there is a definite risk of loss. It is also true that the government shows neutral approaches regarding taking the risk while the farmers prefer to be risk averse (Dinar 1994).According to a Government Accountability Office, the costs of the crop insurance programme have augmented since the raise in the value of the crops. Despite the cost issues attached to the insurance programme, it is still widely appreciated by the masses of

How effectively two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan Essay Example for Free

How effectively two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan Essay Examine how effectively two productions of Macbeth introduce Duncan. In your answer you may wish to consider setting, lighting, costumes and choice of actor? King Duncan is introduced in the text as text as the first speaking character after the witches, and in only a short space of time has shown himself to be a figure of power, able command the respect of his fellow man and is a keen listener. William Shakespeares text starts by showing King Duncans authority in his first sentence: What bloody man is that? The king demands, instead of waiting for an answer, he puts two and two together and says: He can report, as seemth by his plight And the soldier tells the king about the battle. Duncan also keeps his Reponses short and to the point, he appears to be a good listener as he never interrupts anyone while there talking and waits for his turn to talk, a respectful king. Also as king he appears to be noble even though he doesnt have to be, this is shown by: O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman Here he addresses Macbeth with a title furthermore calling him brave and he calls the captain worthy. He is also a caring man this is demonstrated after the bleeding captain finishes tells him about the battle: Go get him surgeons. The king doesnt have to have anything to do with this but he takes action. In 1971Roman Polanski directed a cinema version of the Shakespeare play Macbeth. This film introduced a whole new generation to William Shakespeare, Listed below are differences between this form of media and what was traditionally seen as the home of Shakespeare, the stage. The differences being a less sophisticated audience, in terms of knowledge Shakespeares plays. Ability to film on location, this has the advantage of looking great it if done correctly but if it is done badly it looks cheap and tacky. The amount of actors in the movie industry out weights that of the stage productions, so a range of talent to choose from is greater. Roman Polanski not only takes advantage of all of the above but he makes the characters his as he sees them. An example of the is King Duncan, Polanski chooses a man of about 45 years of age, he does this because he doesnt to see older less active man, he wants to show a king of action, this is shown in the movie, when we see the king on horseback riding across the battlefield, this happens at the expense of the text at the start of act 1 scene 2 where it says the location: King Duncans camp near Forres It says camp not battleground, the king would never go into battle himself this was his right as a king. Another thing Polanski does is to show the king wearing a poncho with his family coat of arms embroiled on it, below this Duncan is clad to battle armour, this gives us a false impression of bravery, and he also rides with his crown on his head this is to gain yet more attention, almost rubbing his advantage over the lesser men. The opening with scene with Duncan has him riding over a sand dune, but before we even see this we people play the trumpet, you have to important to have your own fanfare and guard, as they ride on to beach the camera keeps up with them and we see the sky the is heavily over cast, maybe a sign of things to come. Polanski has also seen fit to shorten the parts to the play, the effect of this is to keep things flowing fast and to hold the audiences attention. When Duncan starts talking to the injured captain, it seem very informal, theyre all it horse and none of them show respect to king by bowing or other courtships. The king then travels to see Cawdor, who is pined down, by seeing this man Duncan is lower himself because it almost like he is getting his hands dirty as appose to just giving orders, then he takes out his board sword and lowers it to Cawdors neck where in skilfully removes a medallion and for the briefest of moments we think he going to kill him. In the Trevor Nunn version of Macbeth, this is a stage production by the Royal Shakespeare Company. There are more limitations placed on the director because it is a stage production all the action takes place in the same place, this also forces the audience to use there imaginations, more that a film. Props can be used but there are limitations to how much you can do. The opening sequence we see a circle of light, a metaphor for everlasting life, everything is in complete darkness except the for this circle, the forces of evil and the force of good are both represented and both will play roles in the play. The actors come on stage from the darkness and one stands the king, he is wearing a white one piece sheet, the white is in contrast with the darkness and could be a metaphor for peace and purity. The camera then pans around each actor in turn, each is wearing black and looks to be about middle age, then it passes Duncan who has a full beard and looks quite like a Santa Claus figure Santa is known for his kindness and good judgement this also true for Duncan. After the witches predicts, we see how frail he is when to friendly face comes to his aid helping him to his feet, his maybe a sign that the end is coming. In summary the both versions of Macbeth enlightening, it was useful to get some elses perspective on Macbeth. But there can be not denying Duncan greatness when an enemy say this: Besides, This Duncan hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been so cleat in his great office Macbeth says this about Duncan, with enemies like this who need friends. I think Trevor Nunn version represented Duncan better because Nunn used simple but very powerful metaphors.

AIDS/HIV Report :: essays research papers

AIDS...Are You Afraid?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This week when school starts, September 5th, a new child is enrolling. The school will not give out her name but they will give out more personal things for example, she is HIV infected. I was sad for the girl but i was also happy to hear this, because it will educate the kids at Windam Tech. Another reason is that i would enjoy letting this girl to be finally â€Å"let in† for once, and this would also be good for the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How AIDS entered this world is uncertain ,people have their theories; AIDS came from monkeys, the government nfected people with the virus to control the population, and African Americans brought the virus from Africa. This is only the beginning, people these days think that the virus can be spread through toilet seats or even hugging. This is why we need to educate the people, tell them the truth, you can only get aids through blood, vomit, seman, needles, or vaginal secreations. She will educate the school and the community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It would also be very helpful to this girl who is infected to be â€Å"let in† for once. Not only the girl has fear but her family has fear too. Fear that people will find out and know. As a suriviving sister was furios with her parents because they would not acknowledge to anyone that her brother had AIDS. They told everyone he died from a brain tomor.# This is very important because the last few moments of this girls life should be delightful, not humiliating.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bringing an infected person to the community will be good for it. Over 35,000 people die from AIDS* whic means they have to live somewher, why not here? Imagine the heading on the front page, â€Å" Community of Windham has a special heart†. This could lead to more budget, tax cuts, or

Nuclear Power - A Short History Essay -- Nuclear Energy Breeder Fissio

Nuclear Power - A Short History Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nuclei of (normally) very heavy or unstable elements (normally heavier than iron), resulting in a release of large amounts of energy as well as the unstable, radioactive isotopes of lighter elements, as well as any logical number of neutrons. For uranium 235, the most abundant usable fuel present in nature, the number of neutrons released is about 2.4 per atom, and the energy released is about 215 MeV per atom (Example, nd), or about 215 MeV * 6.02*10^23 235U * 1000 g * joule 235U 1 * g * Kg * MeV * 1.602*10-13 = 8.05*10^15 joule or 8.05 petajoule per kilogram of uranium 235 However, uranium is not found in natural concentrations of more than 0.7% of any given amount of uranium; in order to efficiently obtain energy from uranium, one must "enrich" the uranium, or concentrate the usable isotopes (Uranium, nd). Leo Szilard, a Hungarian scientist who had recently escaped Berlin for London, first entertained the idea of a chain-reaction of radioactive isotopes in 1933 (Szilà ¡rd, 2006); he patented his idea in 1936 in the U.K., and shared a patent with Enrico Fermi in the United States. Later, Otto Hahn and Fritz Stressmann, along with Lise Mietner and her nephew Otto Frisch, discovered fission when Hahn and Stressmann bombarded uranium with neutrons, resulting in the emission of a few smaller atoms in addition to neutrons and energy; Mietner and Frisch interpreted the resulting energy and atoms as being the results of fission of the uranium atoms' nuclei ("History," Georgia State University, nd); this fission resulted in huge amounts of energy per reaction (on the order of 200 mega electron-volts per atom of uranium 235). In 1942 and after deciding that ura... ...n the Accident at Three Mile Island. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/ doc-collections/fact-sheets/3mile-isle.html Nuclear Tourist. (2005, December 19) Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://www.nucleartourist.com/type/pwr.htm Wikipedia. (2006, August) Chicago Pile 1. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from Nuclear Energy 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Pile_1 Wikipedia. (2006, August) Leà ³ Szilà ¡rd. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd Wikipedia. (2006, August) Magnox. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnox Wikipedia. (2006, August) Nuclear Power. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power Wikipedia. (2006, August) Nuclear Fission. Retrieved August 2, 2006 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

How is our current Economic growth compared to 30 years ago Essay

The year 1979 saw both external and internal conditions become difficult owing to rising inflation with end user prices increasing by 13%. The years 1979 to 1981 saw the US experience a double-digit price increase owing to global petroleum price increases, federal financial policies, plus the spending patterns of the government. The United States economic system started to take a descending trend. In order to manage such financial troubles, the administration of jimmy carter squeezed the national financial plans and implemented financial restraint (United nations, 2008). The administration as well declared short plus long-term energy regulations and attempted to control the financial climate. By mid 1900s, the US was a key end user of almost each significant industrial unprocessed material. Approximately 40 percent of the global total production of commodities was done in the US industries, even though American population was approximately 6 percent of the global total, with its total territory area being approximately 7 percent of total earth surface (Kubarych, 2002). United States production has gone on expanding recently, although at a more sluggish pace compared to other First World nations. THE United States by far surpasses each other country in the volume of her Gross national product (GNP) in unqualified terms. Unites states’ GNP experienced a growth rate of more than 300% ($3. 3 trillion) from 1970 to 1983. The year 1998 saw Americas Gross Domestic product (GDP) REACH $8. 5 trillion; per person GDP reached $31,500. 2002’s per person GDP mounted to $37,600, with national GDP amounting to $10. trillion. US Inflation in the 1990s was not significant as it was from the 1970s to 1980s. US rates are lower than those of many First World nations. From 1970 to 1978, for instance, end user prices rose by 6. 7 percent per annum (Sheikh, 1999). Following twenty years of financial prosperity, the US witnessed a financial decline in the 1970’s, an era famous for the unparalleled blend of stagnating economic progress plus inflation, which led to the development of the term stagflation. Overseas competitors within Europe and Japan confronted the world dominance of US manufacturers, whereas the 1973-1974 and 1979 petroleum crises eroded public trust in business and government institutions (Fisher, 2009). The mandatory Lockheed and Chrysler bailouts symbolized the tough changeover to a fresh economic period, characterized by the significance of the service segment and plus the growth of little business ventures. During the initial presidential tenure of Ronald Reagan, beginning in 1980 to 1984, America witnesses 2 harsh recession years succeeded by 2 strong recovery years. Inflation rates declined with many new job opportunities created. However, the early plus mid-eighties economic growth was accompanied by several shocking developments. National budget shortfalls, arising from spectacular military expenditure increases, and from increasing entitlement plan, for instance, Medicare and Medicaid, costs, averaged in excess of $150 billion per year. As at 1992, total shortfall amounted to $290 billion, in other words $1,150 per each American citizen (Marcy, 2008). Additionally, company debt increased spectacularly, and family borrowing increased twofold compared to personal revenue. The 1980s as well experienced banking crisis due to several factors including: problem lending to Third World nations; elevated interest and inflation rates; and speculative property market schemes that made many banks collapse when the early 1980s property market boom collapsed. The Ronald administration brought in Reaganomics in 1981, which were fiscally-expansive financial policies, thus reducing federal revenue levy rates by twenty five percent. Inflation reduced from 1980’s 13. 5 percent figure to a mere 3 percent in 1983 because of tougher control of interest rates and money supply by the Federal Reserve and a brief recession. Real GDP went on increasing and unemployment went on rising to peak at 10. 8 percent in 1982, and then fell to 5. 4 percent in 1989. The disparity between the wealthy and the poorest increased whereas the national debt tripled. In 1981 the national debt was $930 billion; it stood at $ 2. 6 trillion in 1988. The United States began to experience huge trade shortfalls (http://www. mofa. go. jp/POLICY/other/bluebook/1980/1980-1. htm). The beginning of deindustrialization from the late 60s to early 70s made income differentials rise to an all time high. However, consumers had a record ability to purchase quantities of commodities they never were able to purchase before. Due to the practice of US companies to outsource heavy engineering and manufacturing labor operations to less developed nations, income differentials rose dramatically. The US Gini coefficient in 2005 had increased from 1968’s 0. 386 to 0. 469. The difference between the wealthy and the impoverished grew larger by the close of the 1900s. The proportion of the national revenue appropriated by the wealthiest American household increased from 1977’s 18. % to 1990’s 24. 5%, whereas the proportion of the most poor dropped from 5. 7 percent to 4. 3 percent. Outside America’s trade circumstances worsened due to the development of a swelling trade shortfall by a combination of a passive American dollar and elevated foreign investment levels. The 1990s saw America plunge into an economic recession due to rising petroleum prices after Iraq invaded K uwait, reducing credit availability, and a steep interest rates rise (McConnell, Bruce, Flynn, 2006, 137). Output dropped by 1. 6 percent with 1. 7 million job opportunities being lost. Unemployment levels increased from 1989’s 5. 2 percent to 1991’s 7. 5 percent. As at 1998, unemployment rates had dropped to 4. 5% (Sheikh, 1999). The revival that commenced in 1991 launched a continuous expansion period, which boasted of being the 3rd largest, since the Second World War, in 2000. Actual GDP growth varied from 2 percent to 3. 5 percent; the figures for 1998 were 3. 9 percent. Following climaxing at 7. 5 percent, unemployment dropped progressively during the early and mid 1990s, dropping to 5. 6 percent by 1995, 5. 3 percent at the close of 1996, and remaining less than 5 percent in 1998. Inflation generally remained less than 3 percent past 1993/1994. The stock markets were exempted from being influenced by the restrained economic climate; they increased from 1995 to 1997 owing to reduced employment, strong company profits, and reduced inflation. Stock markets expansion had declined as at 1999/2000. The bipartisan balanced-financial plan, that was passed and ratified in 1997, was another reason for buoyancy. The scheme, merging spending and tax cuts over some 5-year duration, aimed to balance the national financial plan by the year 2002. The government, in 2001, predicted a $275 billion budget excess for the financial year ending 2001 September, a prediction that was soon reversed. At the dawn of the 21st century, substantial financial concerns, apart from the usual concern regarding how much longer the boom would last before ultimately collapsing, included America’s huge trade shortfall, the rising medical expenditures for aging citizens, plus the inability of the sturdy economic system to enhance the circumstances of the impoverished. Starting in 1975, household revenue gains were witnessed almost solely by the top 20 percent households. Nevertheless, towards the close of the 1990s plus early 21st century, productivity continued to expand, the job market was squeezed, and inflation remained comparatively low. Economic expansion halted by mid 2001, mainly owing to the conclusion of the extended asset boom, particularly within information technology sectors. The economic system suffered a recession towards the close of 2001, affecting the manufacturing and service sectors. The September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks on the US worsened the underperforming financial situation. 001 Mean real GDP growth increased by a mere 0. 3 percent. The economic system of the United states, which in the 1990s dictated worldwide economic progress, turned out to cause global financial decline in north America, Japan, Europe, southeast Asia, and Latin America. The economic system began a slow recovery in 2002; GDP growth estimates were 2. 45 percent. Scholars attributed such modest upturn to the capability of commerce think tanks to react t o financial inequities on the basis of real-time data, deregulation, plus creativity in product and financial markets. However, local confidence regarding the economic system continued to be low, and combined with key company failures, such as World Com and Enron, plus extra stock market limits, the upturn remained uneven and sluggish. Growth declined by the close of 2000, with unemployment rates rising to 6. 3 percent by July 2003. CPI rates of inflation dropped to below 1. 5 percent at the start of 2003. This raised anxieties regarding the possibility of deflation. There was also a significant increase in armed forces expenditure due to the 2003 Iraq war (http://resources. metapress. com/pdfpreview. xd? code=wr28t0l0n1187370&size=largest). After the Iraq war, consumer expenditure and stock values rebounded; housing market continued to be sturdy; inflation rates were low; extra tax reductions were enacted; the American dollar decreased in value on global markets; growth productivity was sturdy; and petroleum prices dropped (McConnell, Bruce, Flynn, 2006, 131). Due to such factors, numerous analysts forecasted a more positive financial situation come 2004. However, the national budget shortfall was predicted to amount to $455 billion in 2003, the biggest deficit ever recorded. The US economic climate was mainly shaped through private expenditure; the decline of private expenditure had a vital role in slowing down the gross national product growth rate. However, fixed ventures were as well already declining. Nevertheless, economic progress did not persistently decline in 1978; rather, it varied significantly from, one quarter to the next. Despite the fact that the rate of growth showed consistent patterns, the anticipated improvement regarding the US balance of payments was not realized. The year 1979 witnessed a sharp decline in car trade by America’s 3 main auto manufacturers, Ford, Chrysler, and General Motors. This led to the dismissal of about 100,000 employees in the automobile industry. By 2002, the US economy had a number of weaknesses and strengths. The strengths were witnessed in: the housing market; automobile sales; imports, military expenditure; and inflation. Weak segments were: the labor market; trade fixed investments; construction; bank loans; and profits. Regarding strong points, the housing sector witnessed sturdy price rises, averaging approximately 7 per year. Reduced interest rates allowed households to re-fund mortgages and dispense some gains on homes. Credit card and car loan access was as well simple. Such extra monetary resources support sturdy consumption expenditure. Regarding automobile sales, owing to sufficient liquidity, consumers could capitalize on low-cost funding incentives and price reductions to purchase automobiles at prodigious rates. However, automobile firms were unable to earn much due to the existence of a highly aggressive environment where pricing supremacy was non-existent (Yellen, 2008). Pertaining to imports, much consumption emerged in form of increased import levels and current account and trade deficits. In defense expenditure, the increase in armed forces hardware, particularly aviation spare parts and airplanes added approximately 0. 5 percent to GDP expansion. Inflation was mainly caused by petroleum and housing prices. In 2002, labor market growth was minimal and new layoffs diminished. Unemployment rate stood at 6 percent. Regarding trade fixed investments; there was tremendous surplus capacity within a number of ultra-modern industry sections, particularly telecommunications apparatus. Senior managers further tightened investment budgets. In the construction industry, the drop in non-housing property development was catastrophic. Local government and state infrastructure programs were downsized due to budgetary constraints. Regarding bank loans, standards were tightened and costs increased, particularly for borrowers with little creditworthiness. Loan demands dwindled. Regarding profits, numerous industries were not making any profits (http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/Americas/United-States-ECONOMY. html). The US economy in 2008 shrunk at a 6. 3 percent yearly rate in the last quarter of 2008. Unemployment rates are increasing with about 13. million unemployed people, translating to an 8. 5 percent unemployment rate. This situation has worsened the home market problem. A recent Case-Shiller survey indicated that the decline in home prices increased in 20 surveyed city districts, declining nineteen percent per annum for the 3-month time period concluded in January 2009. Business owners have added to the problem by reducing expenses, especially the labor cost, and operating squeezed inventories, downsizing delivery lines, postponing all except the most compulsory capital spending, and generally evading risks in order to maintain business margins. The outcome is that the American economic system is static, with no new ventures and no gains (http://www. oecd. org/document/45/0,3343,en_2649_34573_38630765_1_1_1_1,00. html). The contraction of us overseas markets, that are essential to economic growth through the sale of high-value services and goods, is another negative development. The World Bank predicts that global economic systems will experience a 1. 7% decline in 2009, with international trade experiencing a 6. 1% decline. The Federal Reserve is taking radically proactive plus highly creative measures to reinstate credit market vibrancy and control financial decline. In about 1 year, the Federal Reserve has: set up a loan structure for main security merchants , adopting fresh types of guarantee for such loans; started exchange lines with 14 key trading partners , for example, Bank of Japan, European Central Bank, Bank of England, Banco de Mexico, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and Korean Central Bank , to offer such overseas central banks the capability to provide united states dollar financial support to organizations under their command ; developed facilities for backstopping financial market joint funds; started fresh mechanisms in conjunction with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. nd the Treasury to fortify particular banks’ security; carried out a key plan to buy business paper, which is a major element of the economic system; started to reimburse bank reserves interest; declared plans to purchase as much as $100 billion of Fannie Mae, Federal Home Loan, and Freddie Mac direct debts, and then pushed up the amount to $200 billion; declared plans to purchase $500 billion worth of the mortgage-backed securities supported by Freddie, Ginnie Mae, and Fannie, then pushed the amount to $1. 5 trillion; declared and recently implemented a novel facility for supporting the provision of asset-supported securities guaranteed by learner loans, credit card loans, car loans, plus loans collateralized by the Small Business Administration; and commenced the procedure of buying as much as $300 billion worth of long-term Treasury securities to assist enhance private credit markets conditions. In addition, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) lowered the federal funds levels to 0-1/4 of 1 percent. At the same time, the FMOC reduced the rates charged on banks when they borrow from FMOC’s discount window in order to reduce the credit cost to the economic system. Therefore, the balance sheet of the federal reserve has expanded to about $2 trillion currently, which ids in excess of twice the increase witnessed since its inception in 2008.

Is it Ever OK to Tell Your Boss Youre Looking for a New Job

Is it Ever OK to Tell Your Boss Youre Looking for a New Job It can be tricky when you’re job hunting and trying to keep it a secret from your boss and fellow employees. You might have to  resort to fake doctor appointments or a family emergency to get time off for interviews. In another roadblock, your current job can prevent you from listing coworkers or members of management as recommendations on your resume. Is there any professional way  to tell your boss you’re job hunting to make it easier for yourself?Examine Why You’re Job HuntingBefore checking out those job search sites, you may want to ask yourself why you are planning on finding a new job. Ask yourself if you are looking for a larger salary, more responsibilities, or are using the opportunity to switch career paths. One way to examine your  reasons  for job hunting is to  create a list of positive and negative points of your current job. After completing the list, you will have a good idea why you really want a change.Times When You Can Tell Your Bos sActually, there are times when you can tell your boss you are job hunting without many problems. For example, if your spouse has taken a job in a different city and you are forced to move, it’s fine to share your news. Perhaps you have bought a new house on the other side of town, and the commute would add too much time to your daily routine. Or maybe you  have health problems that could force you to take a job with less stress, or your spouse just retired and you want to work closer to home. Logistical reasons for a job change are fine to share with your boss.Think about the Repercussions FirstHaving a good relationship with your employer can make telling him or her  a possibility. In some instances, if you are an employee who knows you are valued, you might be offered a raise, another position in the company, or added responsibilities as an enticement to get you stay with the job. However, whether you tell your boss is strictly a judgment call. If you call it wrong, yo u could be out looking for a job earlier than you had planned and without the backup of your current position.Timing is EverythingYou’ve been on several interviews and the hiring manager is talking about when you start your new job. Is it time to inform your boss and put in your resignation? Until you have actually signed the contract for your new job, you should  hold off on telling your current employer. You aren’t actually hired until those papers are signed, and someone else might come along and snag the new job you thought you had. When your new contract is signed, then is the time to tell your employer. It is also a good idea to let your new employer know that you need to give notice to your current boss with enough time for a replacement to be hired to fill your position. Your new boss will appreciate your courtesy.Knowing when to tell your current employer that you are job hunting can be an important consideration to protect yourself. Job hunting with the abi lity to find all the listings that suit your position is also important, and there are easier ways than searching through job classifieds. TheJobNetwork can help. After you fill out your work interests and qualifications, TheJobNetwork searches 24-hours a day for listings that match your description and sends those listings to you as an email alert. All you do is sign up for job match alert to get started.

Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Essays

Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Essays Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Essay Anatomy and Physiology Objectives Essay Anatomy and Physiology Chapter Objectives Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Bone Tissue Chapter 7: The Skeletal System The Axial Skeleton Chapter 8: The Skeletal System The Appendicular Skeleton Chapter 9: Joints Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue Chapter 11: The Muscular System Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative System Chapter 17: The Special Senses Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System The Blood Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System The Heart Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity Chapter 23: The Respiratory System Chapter 24: The Respiratory System Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition Chapter 26: The Urinary System Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Chapter 28: The Reproductive System Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body Define anatomy and physiology, and name several subspecialties of these sciences. Describe the levels of structural organization that make up the human body. List the 11 systems of the human body, representative organs present in each, and their general functions. Define the important life processes of the human body. Define homeostasis and explain its relationship to interstitial fluid. Define homeostasis. Describe the components of a feedback system. Contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. Explain how homeostatic imbalances are related to disorders. Describe the anatomical position. Relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical descriptive terms for various regions of the human body. Define the anatomical planes, sections, and directional terms used to describe the human body. Outline the major body cavities, the organs they contain, and their associated linings. Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization Identify the main chemical elements of the human body. Describe the structures of atoms, ions, molecules, free radicals, and compounds. De? ne a chemical reaction. Describe the various forms of energy. Compare exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions. Describe the role of activation energy and catalysts in chemical reactions. Describe synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions. Describe the properties of water and those of inorganic acids, bases, and salts. Distinguish among solutions, colloids, and suspensions. De? ne pH and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. Describe the functional groups of organic molecules. Identify the building blocks and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Describe the structure and functions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization Describe the structure and functions of the plasma membrane. Explain the concept of selective permeability. De? ne the electrochemical gradient and describe its components. Describe the processes that transport substances across the plasma membrane. Describe the structure and function of cytoplasm, cytosol, and organelles. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus. Describe the sequence of events in protein synthesis. Discuss the stages, events, and signi? cance of somatic and reproductive cell division. Describe the signals that induce somatic cell division. Describe how cells differ in size and shape. Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization Name the four basic types of tissues that make up the human body and state the characteristics of each. Describe the structure and functions of the ? ve main types of cell junctions. Describe the general features of epithelial tissue. List the location, structure, and function of each different type of epithelium. Describe the general features of connective tissue. Describe the structure, location, and function of the various types of connective tissue. De? ne a membrane. Describe the classi? cation of membranes. Describe the general features of muscular tissue. Contrast the structure, location, and mode of control of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue. Describe the structural features and functions of nervous tissue. Explain the concept of electrical excitability. Describe the role of tissue repair in restoring homeostasis. Describe the effects of aging on tissues. Chapter 5: The Integumentary System Describe the layers of the epidermis and the cells that compose them. Compare the composition of the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis. Explain the basis for different skin colors. Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Compare structural and functional differences in thin and thick skin. Compare structural and functional differences in thin and thick skin. Describe the effects of aging on the integumentary system. Contrast the structure, distribution, and functions of hair, skin glands, and nails. Chapter 6: The Skeletal System Bone Tissue Describe the six main functions of the skeletal system. Describe the structure and functions of each part of a long bone. Describe the histological features of bone tissue. Describe the blood and nerve supply of bone. Describe the steps of intramembranous and endochondral ossi? cation. Explain how bone grows in length and thickness. Desc ribe the process involved in bone remodeling. Describe the sequence of events involved in fracture repair. Describe the importance of calcium in the body. Explain how blood calcium level is regulated. Chapter 7: The Skeletal System The Axial Skeleton Describe how the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular divisions. Classify bones based on their shape or location. Describe the principal surface markings on bones and the functions of each. Name the cranial and facial bones and indicate whether they are paired or single. Describe the following special features of the skull: sutures, paranasal sinuses, and fontanels. Describe the relationship of the hyoid bone to the skull. Identify the regions and normal curves of the vertebral column and describe its structural and functional features. Identify the bones of the thorax. Chapter 8: The Skeletal System The Appendicular Skeleton Identify the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and their principal markings. Identify the bones of the upper limb and their principal markings. Describe the joints between the upper limb bones. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle and their principal markings. Describe the division of the pelvic girdle into false and true pelves. Compare the principal differences between female and male pelves. Identify the bones of the lower limb and their principal markings. Describe the development of the skeletal system. Compare the principal differences between female and male pelves. Chapter 9: Joints Describe the structural and functional classi? cations of joints. Describe the structure and functions of the three types of ? brous joints. Describe the structure and functions of the two types of cartilaginous joints. Describe the structure of synovial joints. Describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths. Describe the types of movements that can occur at synovial joints. Describe the six subtypes of synovial joints. Describe six factors that in? uence the type of movement and range of motion possible at a synovial joint. Explain the effects of aging on joints. Explain the procedures involved in arthroplasty, and describe how a total hip replacement is performed. Chapter 10: Muscular Tissue Explain the structural differences between the three types of muscular tissue. Compare the functions and special properties of the three types of muscular tissue. Explain the importance of connective tissue components, blood vessels, and nerves to skeletal muscles. Describe the microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle ? ber. Distinguish thick ? laments from thin ? laments. Outline the steps involved in the sliding ? lament mechanism of muscle contraction. Describe how muscle action potentials arise at the neuromuscular junction. Describe the reactions by which muscle ? bers produce ATP. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic cellular respiration. Describe the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue. Describe the structure and function of a motor unit, and de? ne motor unit recruitment. Explain the phases of a twitch contraction. Describe how frequency of stimulation affects muscle tension, and how muscle tone is produced. Distinguish between isotonic and isometric contractions. Compare the structure and function of the three types of skeletal muscle ? bers. Describe the effects of exercise on different types of skeletal muscle ? bers. Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue. Describe the main structural and functional characteristics of smooth muscle tissue. Explain how muscle ? bers regenerate. Describe the development of muscles. Explain the effects of aging on skeletal muscle. Chapter 11: The Muscular System Describe the relationship between bones and skeletal muscles in producing body movements. De? ne lever and fulcrum, and compare the three types of levers based on location of the fulcrum, effort, and load. Identify the types of fascicle arrangements in a skeletal muscle, and relate the arrangements to stren gth of contraction and range of motion. Explain how the prime mover, antagonist, synergist, and ? xator in a muscle group work together to produce movements. Explain seven features used in naming skeletal muscles. Describe the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the muscles that move the humerus. Describe the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the hand. Describe the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the muscles that move the femur. Describe the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the muscles that act on the femur, tibia, and ? bula. Describe the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of the muscles that move the foot and toes. Chapter 12: Nervous Tissue List the structures of the nervous system. Describe the three basic functions of the nervous system. Contrast the histological characteristics and the functions of neurons and neuroglia. Distinguish between gray matter and white matter. Describe the organization of the nervous system. Recall that the nervous system consists of two main subdivisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system) Describe the cellular properties that permit communication among neurons and effectors. Compare the basic types of ion channels, and explain how they relate to graded potentials and action potentials. Describe the factors that maintai n a resting membrane potential. List the sequence of events that generate an action potential. Explain the events of signal transmission at a chemical synapse. Distinguish between spatial and temporal summation. Give examples of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and describe how they act. Describe the classes and functions of neurotransmitters. Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Describe the classes and functions of neurotransmitters. Identify the various types of neural circuits in the nervous system. Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Describe how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord. Describe the components, connective tissue coverings, and branching of a spinal nerve. De? ne plexus, and identify the distribution of nerves of the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses. Describe the clinical signi? cance of dermatomes. Describe the functions of the major sensory and motor tracts of the spinal cord. Describe the functional components of a re? ex arc and the ways re? exes maintain homeostasis. Describe the protective structures and the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord. Describe how spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord. Describe the origin and distribution of the cervical plexus. Describe the origin, distribution, and effects of damage to the brachial plexus. Describe the origin and distribution of the lumbar plexus. Describe the origin and distribution of the sacral and coccygeal plexuses. Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves Identify the major parts of the brain. Describe how the brain is protected. Describe the blood supply of the brain. Explain the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal ? uid. Describe the structures and functions of the brain stem Describe the structure and functions of the cerebellum. Describe the components and functions of the diencephalon. Describe the cortex, gyri, ? ssures, and sulci of the cerebrum. List and locate the lobes of the cerebrum. Describe the nuclei that comprise the basal ganglia. List the structures and describe the functions of the limbic system. Describe the locations and functions of the sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Explain the signi? ance of hemispheric lateralization. De? ne brain waves and indicate their signi? cance. Identify the cranial nerves by name, number, and type, and give the functions of each. Describe how the parts of the brain develop. Describe the effects of aging on the nervous system. Explain the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal ? uid. Describe the components and functions of the diencephalon. Describe the locations and functions of the sensory, association, and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Explain the signi? cance of hemispheric lateralization. De? ne brain waves and indicate their signi? cance. Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System Compare the structural and functional differences between the somatic and autonomic parts of the nervous system. Describe preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system. Compare the anatomical components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Describe the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in autonomic responses. Describe the major responses of the body to stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. Describe the components of an autonomic re? ex. Explain the relationship of the hypothalamus to the ANS. Chapter 16: Sensory, Motor, and Integrative System De? ne sensation, and discuss the components of sensation. Describe the different ways to classify sensory receptors. Describe the location and function of the somatic sensory receptors for tactile, thermal, and pain sensations. Identify the receptors for proprioception and describe their functions. Describe the neuronal components and functions of the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway, the anterolateral pathway, and the spinocerebellar pathway. Identify the locations and functions of the different types of neurons in the somatic motor pathways. Compare the locations and functions of the direct and in- direct motor pathways. Explain how the basal ganglia and cerebellum contribute to movements. Compare the integrative cerebral functions of wakefulness and sleep, and learning and memory. Describe the four stages of sleep. Explain the factors that contribute to memory. Identify the locations and functions of the different types of neurons in the somatic motor pathways. Compare the locations and functions of the direct and indirect motor pathways. Explain how the basal ganglia and cerebellum contribute to movements. Chapter 17: The Special Senses Describe the olfactory receptors and the neural pathway for olfaction. Describe the gustatory receptors and the neural pathway for gustation. List and describe the accessory structures of the eye and the structural components of the eyeball. Discuss image formation by describing refraction, accommodation, and constriction of the pupil. Describe the processing of visual signals in the retina and the neural pathway for vision. Describe the anatomy of the structures in the three main regions of the ear. List the major events in the physiology of hearing. Identify the receptor organs for equilibrium, and describe how they function. Describe the auditory and equilibrium pathways. Describe the development of the eyes and the ears. Describe the age related changes that occur in the eyes and ears. Chapter 18: The Endocrine System Compare control of body functions by the nervous system and endocrine system. Distinguish between exocrine and endocrine glands. Describe how hormones interact with target-cell receptors. Compare the two chemical classes of hormones based on their solubility. Describe the two general mechanisms of hor mone action. Describe the mechanisms of control of hormone secretion. Describe the locations of and relationships between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary. Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the thyroid gland. Describe the location, histology, hormone, and functions of the parathyroid glands. Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the adrenal glands. Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the pancreatic islets. Describe the location, hormones, and functions of the male and female gonads. Describe the location, histology, hormone, and functions of the pineal gland. List the hormones secreted by cells in tissues and organs other than endocrine glands, and describe their functions. Describe the actions of eicosanoids and growth factors. Describe how the body responds to stress. Describe the development of endocrine glands. Describe the effects of aging on the endocrine system. Describe the two general mechanisms of hormone action. Describe how the body responds to stress. Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System The Blood Describe the functions of blood. Describe the physical characteristics and principal components of blood. Explain the origin of blood cells. Describe the structure, functions, life cycle, and production of red blood cells. Describe the structure, functions, and production of white blood cells (WBCs). Describe the structure, function, and origin of platelets. Explain the importance of bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants. Describe the three mechanisms that contribute to hemostasis. Identify the stages of blood clotting and explain the various factors that promote and inhibit blood clotting. Distinguish between the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain why it is so important to match donor and recipient blood types before administering a transfusion. Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System The Heart Describe the location of the heart. Describe the structure of the pericardium and the heart wall. Discuss the external and internal anatomy of the chambers of the heart. Describe the structure and function of the valves of the heart. Outline the ? w of blood through the chambers of the heart and through the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Discuss the coronary circulation. Describe the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and the conduction system of the heart. Explain how an action potential occurs in cardiac contractile ? bers. Describe the electrical events of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG). Describe the pressure and volume changes that occur during a cardiac cycle. Relate the timing of heart sounds to the ECG waves and pressure changes during systole and diastole. Explain the relationship between exercise and the heart. Describe several techniques used for failing hearts. Describe the development of the heart. Describe the structural and functional characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue and the conduction system of the heart. Explain how an action potential occurs in cardiac contractile ? bers. Describe the electrical events of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG). De? ne cardiac output. Describe the factors that affect regulation of stroke volume. Outline the factors that affect the regulation of heart rate. Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics Contrast the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Outline the vessels through hich the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back. Distinguish between pressure reservoirs and blood reservoirs. Discuss the pressures that cause movement of ? uids between capillaries and interstitial spaces. Explain the factors that regulate the volume of blood ? ow. Explain how blood pressure changes throughout th e cardiovascular system. Describe the factors that determine mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Describe the relationship between cross-sectional area and velocity of blood ? ow. Describe how blood pressure is regulated. De? ne pulse, and de? ne systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures. De? e shock, and describe the four types of shock. Explain how the body’s response to shock is regulated by negative feedback. Describe and compare the major routes that blood takes through various regions of the body. Describe the development of blood vessels and blood. Explain the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system. Contrast the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Outline the vessels through which the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back. Distinguish between pressure reservoirs and blood reservoirs. Explain the factors that regulate the volume of blood ? ow. Explain how blood pressure changes throughout the cardiovascular system. Describe the factors that determine mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Describe the relationship between cross-sectional area and velocity of blood ? ow. Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity List the components and major functions of the lymphatic system. Describe the organization of lymphatic vessels. Explain the formation and ? ow of lymph. Compare the structure and functions of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues. Describe the development of lymphatic tissues. Describe the components of innate immunity. De? e adaptive immunity, and describe how T cells and B cells arise. Explain the relationship between an antigen and an antibody. Compare the functions of cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity. Outline the steps in a cell-mediated immune response. Distinguish between the action of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. De? n e immunological surveillance. Describe the steps in an antibody-mediated immune response. List the chemical characteristics and actions of antibodies. Explain how the complement system operates. Distinguish between a primary response and a secondary response to infection. Chapter 23: The Respiratory System Describe the anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Identify the functions of each respiratory system structure. Describe the events that cause inhalation and exhalation. Explain the difference between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Differentiate between inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Explain Dalton’s law and Henry’s law. Describe the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in external and internal respiration. Describe how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. Explain how the nervous system controls breathing. List the factors that can alter the rate and depth of breathing Describe the effects of exercise on the respiratory system. Describe the development of the respiratory system. Describe the effects of aging on the respiratory system. Describe the anatomy and histology of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Identify the functions of each respiratory system structure. Explain the difference between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Differentiate between inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Chapter 24: The Respiratory System Identify the organs of the digestive system. Describe the basic processes performed by the digestive system. Describe the structure and function of the layers that form the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. Describe the nerve supply of the GI tract. Describe the peritoneum and its folds. Identify the locations of the salivary glands, and describe the functions of their secretions. Describe the structure and functions of the tongue. Identify the parts of a typical tooth, and compare deciduous and permanent dentitions. Describe the location and function of the pharynx. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and functions of the esophagus. Describe the three phases of deglutition. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and functions of the stomach. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and function of the pancreas. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and functions of the liver and gallbladder. Describe the location, anatomy, histology, and functions of the small intestine. Describe the anatomy, histology, and functions of the large intestine. Describe the three phases of digestion. Describe the major hormones that regulate digestive activities. Describe the development of the digestive system. Describe the effects of aging on the digestive system. Chapter 25: Metabolism and Nutrition De? ne metabolism. Explain the role of ATP in anabolism and catabolism. Describe oxidation–reduction reactions. Explain the role of ATP in metabolism. Describe the fate, metabolism, and functions of carbohydrates. Describe the lipoproteins that transport lipids in the blood. Describe the fate, metabolism, and functions of lipids. Describe the fate, metabolism, and functions of proteins. Identify the key molecules in metabolism, and describe the reactions and the products they may form. Compare metabolism during the absorptive and post absorptive states. De? e basal metabolic rate (BMR), and explain several factors that affect it. Describe the factors that in? uence body heat production. Explain how normal body temperature is maintained by negative feedback loops involving the hypothalamic thermostat. Describe how to select foods to maintain a healthy diet. Compare the sou rces, functions, and importance of minerals and vitamins in metabolism. Chapter 26: The Urinary System List the functions of the kidneys. Describe the external and internal gross anatomical features of the kidneys. Trace the path of blood ? ow through the kidneys. Describe the structure of renal corpuscles and renal tubules. Identify the three basic functions performed by nephrons and collecting ducts, and indicate where each occurs. Describe the ? ltration membrane. Discuss the pressures that promote and oppose glomerular ? ltration. Describe the routes and mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and secretion. Describe how speci? c segments of the renal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb water and solutes. Describe how speci? c segments of the renal tubule and collecting duct secrete solutes into the urine. Describe how the renal tubule and collecting ducts produce dilute and concentrated urine. De? ne urinalysis and describe its importance. De? ne renal plasma clearance and describe its importance. Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Describe the ways that body wastes are handled. Describe the development of the urinary system. Describe the effects of aging on the urinary system. Chapter 27: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis Compare the locations of intracellular ? uid (ICF) and extracellular ? uid (ECF), and describe the various ? uid compartments of the body. Describe the sources of water and solute gain and loss, and explain how each is regulated. Explain how ? uids move between compartments. Compare the electrolyte composition of the three major ? uid compartments: plasma, interstitial ? uid, and intracellular ? uid. Discuss the functions of sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium ions, and explain how their concentrations are regulated. Compare the roles of buffers, exhalation of carbon dioxide, and kidney excretion of H+ in maintaining pH of body ? uids. De? ne acid–base imbalances, describe their effects on the body, and explain how they are treated. Describe the changes in ? uid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance that may occur with aging. Chapter 28: The Reproductive System Describe the location, structure, and functions of the organs of the male reproductive system. Discuss the process of spermatogenesis in the testes. Describe the location, structure, and functions of the organs of the female reproductive system. Discuss the process of oogenesis in the ovaries. Compare the major events of the ovarian and uterine cycles. Explain the differences among the various types of birth control methods and compare their effectiveness. Describe the development of the male and female reproductive systems. Describe the effects of aging on the reproductive systems. Chapter 29: Development and Inheritance Explain the major developmental events that occur during the embryonic period. Describe the major events of the fetal period. De? ne a teratogen and list several examples of teratogens. Describe the procedures for fetal ultrasonography, amniocentesis, and chorionic villi sampling. Describe the sources and functions of the hormones secreted during pregnancy. Describe the hormonal, anatomical, and physiological changes in the mother during pregnancy. Explain the effects of pregnancy on exercise and of exercise on pregnancy. Explain the events associated with the three stages of labor. Explain the respiratory and cardiovascular adjustments that occur in an infant at birth. Discuss the physiology and hormonal control of lactation. De? ne inheritance, and explain the inheritance of dominant, recessive, complex, and sex-linked traits.