Biography of Eva Beem

Jennifer Grijalva P. 1 February 28, 2012 Biography Of Eva Beem Eva Beem was the daughter of Hartog and Rosette Beem. She was born on May 21, 1932, in Leeuwarden, Holland. When she was eight-years old,and she was in the school when the Germans invaded Holland in May of 1940. Her father was a high school teacher in the small city of Leeuwarde, in northern Holland. When the Germans invaded. They immediately embarked upon steps to separate the Jews from the rest of the population.Beginning in October 1940, they was liquidated Jewish businesses and banned Jews from most professions. The Dutch population resisted the anti-Jewish measures enacted by the Germans. But the Germans reacted brutally, and were able to break up most organized resistance. Many Jews were forced into restricted ghetto areas on July of 1941, and after May of 1942, all Jews had to wear the yellow star.Beginning in mid-July of 1942, the Germans began rounding up Holland's Jewish citizens. They were first taken to transi t camps, and from there to death camps in Poland. Father's of Eva decided that the family would go into hiding, because they felt that the children would be safer posing as non-Jews in a rural village, Eva and her younger brother were sent to the village of Ermelo with a Christian family, to risk death to save them, but the Nazi found them.Eva was given a new name and identity, she was known as Linni De Witt, and she was attended to the school along with the other village children. Eva Been and her brother Abraham were killed in gas chambers. She and her brother die on February of 1944. She was only 11 years old when she die in the gas chambers,and her brother was only 10 years old when he die with her sister Eva.

Methods of Research

Price Scientist conducts research on a daily basis. The purpose of this research is exploration, description, explanation, and application. In the area of criminal Justice things are getting researched all of the time. Take murder for example, the police have to explore to find out what actually happened. They have to describe the events leading up the the murder. They have to explain the facts to try and come up with a suspect. Finally, they have to use the process of application to put it all together so they can make an arrest.When using the different purposes of research it Is important to examine each purpose by Itself because each purpose has Its own different aspect when It comes to research design. The exploration stage Is the first stage that researchers begin with when using research methods. â€Å"This stage is typically done for three purposes: to satisfy the researcher does curiosity and desires for better understand, to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extens ive study, and to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent studies. (Grossman, 2014) A researcher will use the exploration take of research when they want to find out about something that there is little known about. Take drugs for example; let's say a researcher wants to find out how bad the drug problem is in the United States. There are a couple categories that a researcher may want to explore. Such as; â€Å"how many were arrested for drug sales or possession each year and how many hours per day do drug dealers work and how much do they make? † (Misfield & Babble, 2009) The next purpose of research is description. The researcher explores and then describes what they explored.For example; the U. S. Census, â€Å"the goal of the census Is to describe accurately and precisely several characteristics of the U. S. Population, including race/ethnicity, age, sex, household size, and income. † (Grossman, 2014) The description stage is widely used in the crimina l Justice field. For example; it is used to describe a certain crime problem that a certain city or state may be having. It can be used to measure how much burglary is committed in the city of Joplin, Missouri. The descriptive stage is used to answer the questions what, when, where, and how something happened.The third stage of research is the explanation stage. The explanation stage attempts to describe why something happened. The description and the explanation stages work together. The descriptive stage explains what happened the explanation stage explains why It happened. Take the burglary rate In Joplin the descriptive stage tells you how much burglary Is committed and the explanation stage will tell you why burglary is committed in Joplin. Application research: evaluation and policy and problem analysis. An example would be â€Å"determining whether a program designed to reduce burglary actually had the intended effect. (Maxwell & Babble, 2009) Criminal Justice organizations gather all their research from exploration, description, and explanation in the application process to come up with a conclusion for all their research. There are four different stages of research that the criminal Justice organizations use to find answers to things that are unknown and also to find out the what, where, when how, and why things happen. Most researches that are done contain all four stages of research. For example take auto theft. A researcher would use the exploration stage to learn about the case.

Globalization and health Inequalities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Globalization and health Inequalities - Essay Example Lee (2000) explain that globalisation is an unavoidable and primarily gentle process of global economic integration, in which countries increasingly drop border restrictions on the flow of capital, goods and services. He further acknowledged that risks are a more rapid spread of disease through tourism and the speedier and more massive and regular movement of goods and people. He noted that the risks of globalisation processes can be managed and are more than offset by benefits in the dissemination of new ideas, technologies and steady global economic growth (Lee 2000). Whereas, Dowler (2007) define inequalities in health to mean difference in health experience between different groups of people, in that some groups of people experience poorer health than the majority of the population. This he said, is usually due to life circumstances, such as living in poverty, on low or fixed incomes, in poor housing, having few opportunities for social activities, a lack of connectedness to community; and, to discrimination arising from gender, poverty, ethnicity, age, sexual orientation or disability (Dowler, 2007). This paper will present a literature review on globalisation and its effects on health inequalities. The main objective is to provide a framework to understand how globalisation accelerates current changes in our lifestyles, the free movement of people travelling (Tourism) in relation to the rapid spread of infectious diseases, noticeably SARS. Inaddition, the estimate shows increasing gaps between the rich and poor that emerged in the various literatures. Research shows that the globalisation process as it is defined by Lee (2000) and others, that globalisation are responsible for the accelerated free movement of people. WHO (2003) estimated that more than two million travellers cross international borders on a daily basis. This includes not only economic migrants, refugees but also tourism. It is suggested that, a traveller infected with SARS could easily be transported across the globe six times within the incubation period of this deadly disease (WHO, 2003). This research will a nalyse this statement in detail and provide points for future research needs, based on the current globalisation policy debates and around the spread of diseases, and it will also make a case study of SARS in order to enrich the proposal. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does globalisation contribute to health inequality' AIM: To analyze and discuss, where, why and how the globalisation process affects or accelerates health inequality OBJECTIVES: 1. To see what has and has not been investigated about globalisation and how does it affect health inequality 2. To identify potential relationships between the concepts and to identify researchable needs in the area 3. To develop an understanding of how free movement of people such as tourism has changed cultures/lifestyles, through the process of globalisation 4. To demonstrate knowledge of the history of the spread of infectious diseases and globalisation of trade and investments 5. To discover how my research project can be related to the work of others LITERATURE REVIEW I will conduct my research, from the

East European Jews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East European Jews - Essay Example They were greeted with hostility the moment they landed in New Amsterdam. The government of the day also treated them with contempt and denied them religious freedom as is evident from Governor Peter Stuyvesant’s view that â€Å"If we grant liberties to the Jews, we will have to grant them also to the Lutherans and the Papists† (Kampelman 586). It was indeed a long and hard struggle for the community to gain basic rights. â€Å"What shall we do with these rejected and condemned people, the Jews?† (Noble) Surprisingly, these were the words of Martin Luther King Jr., the champion of the civil rights movement and an iconic figure in American history. In his speech, he goes on to propose- â€Å"synagogues should be burned to the ground; their houses destroyed; their prayer books seized; their rabbis forbidden to teach on pain of death †¦ they should be prevented from traveling in the countryside and their wealth confiscated †¦ the young and strong should be forced to do menial work in order to prevent them feasting and farting †¦ we should toss out these rogues by the seat of their pants† (Noble) Across the Atlantic, the Nazis did not miss this propaganda opportunity. Hitler mentions in Mein Kampf that Luther is a â€Å"great historical protagonist† and someone he admired greatly. Irrespective of his real intentions, Martin Luther offered in his writings a historical and intellectual justification for the Holocaust, which the Nazis took pains to exploit† (Noble). The attacks in West Hartford, Connecticut and New York City stand out among numerous other occurrences in the 1980’s. There was a series of such incidents leaving behind burnt synagogues, destitute families and shattered livelihoods. The expressway shootout was another example of such pattern of events where Yeshiva students and other Jews, descendents of East European Jews, were targeted in 4 such shootouts during a 3 month period (Time 18). The disappointing fact about anti-Semitism in America

Google human resources practices Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Google human resources practices - Assignment Example The analysis should involve a brief overview of the model that will be used. The latter was developed by Edgar Schein and consists of three elements. The first of them focuses on artefacts of an organisation which is anything visible that has a connection towards the company. Indeed, an artefact is not only the logo, it is also the colour that a company primarily uses in its products, the way employees great customers, even the design of the building. In other words, it is the physical manifestation of the company.The second level included espoused values. It must be noted that the elements of the model differ in the way they are connected to the material world; therefore, the second element which will more abstract. Thus, values also stand for the image of the company, but a mental one. In other words, this level includes goals, mission statement and other elements that were designed to explain the manner in which a company operates. In other words, this level of organizational cult ure focuses on the long term perspective of business and encourages people to do their best in order to live up to these expectations.The third element that should be analyzed carefully is underlying assumptions. Indeed, one might suggest that the highest level of manifestation of organisational culture should be extremely perfect and not embodied into anything. While artefacts are physical objects and values can be physically written on a piece of paper, the underlying assumptions are those ideas about the organisation that people take for granted.

Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marks & Spencer - Essay Example The company's preferred method of returning cash is by using the B shares scheme. Since it does not want to use the traditional share repurchase, it has created a conversion of shares – for every 21 current ordinary shares, investors will receive 17 new ordinary shares along with 1 B share for every current ordinary share (Marks & Spencer Plc 20020). The purpose of the conversion is to decrease the company's shareholding without using the traditional repurchase approach, while the use of B shares intends to give back the cash by redeeming it under two choices (Vandermewe 2003).  This B share scheme has offered both the company and the investors with regard to payout policy. The scheme addresses both the concerns of investors when cash is distributed by using the traditional shares repurchase, as well as their concerns when funds are distributed by increasing the amount dividend payout – that is, the high amount of income taxes that investors incur when they receive di vidends (Hakanson 1982). From the point of view of the company, it also uses this scheme in order to leverage certain payout policy theories.  For one, the B share scheme addresses the issues of payout policy such as information asymmetry, residual theory, and expectations theory (Keown 2002). When the company has decided to return the  £2 billion to its shareholders, it aims to reorganize its capital structure in line with the strategic changes that aims to implement (Marks & Spencer 2002). However, if the company chooses to repurchase its stock, investors will be skeptical about the company's moves and would have a more risky perception of the company, thus affecting the company's price/earnings ratio and the value of the stock (Brealey & Myers 2003). As with residual theory, the level of the cash that should be given back to the investors should be its residual earnings, after additional profitable investments have been made (Keown 2002).

Usability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Usability - Essay Example This will test whether the audience really comprehends the key steps of limestone cave formations in this national park. Also, experts in display designing can view the display and make an audit as to whether the display complies with the market demand. In this case, the display is intended to attract tourists to the said caves. It should therefore be intriguing, interesting and detailed. The perfect usability test of designing and utilizing a patio, the leads or (instructions) should be precise, brief and straightforward so that the homeowners can comprehend and handle the tasks themselves with ease. The instructions should expound on how concrete slabs or tiles are blended to come up with a smooth courtyard. It should also incorporate aesthetic beauty which will encourage the users to construct more patios. The instructions should be captivating and legible. In this case, manuals containing the instructions can be submitted to the owners then after they read through, they can be assessed as to whether they understood them by having them describe the steps they can as well be asked to design the patio without referring to the

Art as a Form of Creative Expression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art as a Form of Creative Expression - Essay Example The most interesting thing about art is that it is culture-specific and it tells its own story from a certain cultural perspective. People belonging to different cultures use art to express themselves and it shapes their behavior. For instance, sculpture or paintings can be used to express the way of life of a group of people who share the same culture and values. In most cases, people who belong to a particular culture identify with a particular type of art. The same applies to music and dance. The type of music played by people belonging to different cultural groups varies from place to place since they have different cultures. In order to understand the culture of other people, this can be simply done through the consumption of their art products. The other important aspect about art is that it is a unique creation of something that depicts the lives of the people involved. Music, for example, is used to communicate different aspects of the life of a certain group of people. The m usic genre of people belonging to a certain group is shared by all members and it usually communicates important messages about the way of life of these people. Art can also be regarded as a form of entertainment in different sectors of society. Through music and dance, people are entertained while at the same time learning something very important about the way of life of a certain group of people.  Just like any other academic subject, it can be seen that art is learned and the courses offered to differ depending on the type of art being taught at a specific institution. Art lessons can be offered through different stages and individuals can choose the area of specialization from a lower level. There are also colleges and universities that offer various professional qualifications in art studies. Art is widely recognized as a professional qualification in different sectors of society. It is a source of livelihood for many artists who engage in creating different artifacts. As su ch, there are various measures that are put in place in different countries to protect the work of the artists so that they can enjoy the benefits of their creativity. Copyright laws are enforced in different countries so as to protect the products of the artists. This is also meant to ensure that the artists continue to be creative if they are assured of getting rewards from their hard work. Ownership of artifacts is very important since this helps to prevent unscrupulous people from enjoying the benefits of other people’s work. This also helps to develop the art industry which is seen as a source of employment in different societies. The welfare of many individuals is improved through the creation of different artifacts that in turn are used as a form of expression by different groups of people. Basically, it can be concluded that the understanding of art is very important since it has a bearing on the lives of people in different societies. Art is culture-specific and it h elps to distinguish one group of people from the other. Art is also used as a unique way of creating a cultural identity among different people.

Ben Bernanke - Federal Reserve Chairman Assignment

Ben Bernanke - Federal Reserve Chairman - Assignment Example Ben found himself being an American since his paternal grandfather immigrated to Ellis Island on January 23, 1891. They shifted from New York to Dillon in the 1940s (Snowdown, 2002). This paper will seek to discuss Ben Bernanke’s history, education, background, and policy at the Federal Reserve. When Ben was a young adult or teenager, he worked construction and as a waiter at a nearby restaurant within the surroundings of his hometown of Dillon prior joining college. In order to afford upkeep for himself while he was at school, he worked during summers along the South of the Border. Ben was a religious person who used to assist with rolling the Torah scrolls in Dillon’s local synagogue. Despite the fact that Ben keeps his religious beliefs private, a close friend Mark asserted that, Ben embedded in who he is. This factor had his family concerned as they worried about him losing his Jewish identity (Snowdown, 2002). Education Ben Bernanke received his elementary educatio n at East Elementary, joined Martin Junior High, and then Dillon High School. Additionally, he played saxophone in the school’s marching band. Following the fact that Dillon High School did not offer calculus at that time, Ben resolved to teach it to himself. Surprisingly, he happened to achieve a SAT score reading 1590 over 1600. Given his tremendous performance, he joined Harvard University where he resided under the same roof with Lloyd Blankfein who would become the Chief Executive officer of Golden Sachs in the future. Bernanke graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in economics in 1975. From there, he went to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where graduated in 1979 and received a doctorate philosophical degree in economics. This took place upon completing and defending his so-called dissertation long-term commitments, the business cycle, and dynamic optimization (Singleton, 2010). Bernanke had a thesis advisor named Stanley Fischer who would later become th e governor of the Bank of Israel in the future. Still on education, Ben Bernanke also taught at the Stanford Graduate School of Business beginning 1979 to 1985. Besides visiting the University of New York partly as a professor, he also went ahead to assume a part time professorate at the Princeton University in the Economics Department. Matters of education or academics revolved around his life as he chaired the Princeton University Department of Economics from 1996 to September 2002. However, his long-term related life around schools ceased when he left for a public service leave where he resigned his outstanding position at Princeton University on the first day of July in 2005 (Singleton, 2010). Background Ben Bernanke used to serve among members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System as from 2002 until 2005. Ensuring his essence within the board, he delivered his first speech entitled Deflation that outlined what contemporary econometrics today refers to as the B ernanke Doctrine. As a Reserve System Reserve board member, he stipulated, on 20 February 2004, that the world is experiencing new era that he termed as the Great Moderation. He expounded that this is a situation where modern macroeconomic policies are decreasing the business cycle’s volatility to a particular point that it should no longer be a central concern in economics (Singleton, 2010).

Paying for Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paying for Motivation - Essay Example Duffy (2010) relates to the present and the expected value of the educational organization, only if it is used to increase the long term performance of the employees. The management of an educational organization should, therefore, come up with strategies that would result in providing a long term and substantial results for the benefits of the stakeholders. Pay may also be associated with the expected performance of the employees but it the performance of the employees is not completely influenced by pay. There are some other factors that may directly influence the present and expected value of the organization as well as the employees. A study was conducted on three groups which contained people with equal qualifications who were required to complete a single task for a freelancing website desk. One group was being paid $4 per hour, while other was paid $5 per hour. The third group was told that they will be working at $4 per hour; however, they were also told that there is some ro om in the budget; therefore they will be paid a little more but the increase in salary will be a surprise for them. The performance of the three groups was evaluated by measuring the productivity at the task. The results of the first and the second group were almost same, irrespective of the fact that one was being paid more than the other. The third group, who was granted with higher surprised pay rate, exhibited 20 percent more effective results than the other two groups.

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay Example for Free

A middle class family named The Birlings Essay An Inspector Calls, written by J. B. Priestley, is about a middle class family named The Birlings. The Birlings lived in an up and growing industrial town in the north midlands. Set in 1912, the Birlings were happily celebrating their daughter Sheilas engagement to a respectable businessman, Gerald Croft. However, the modest celebration turned out to be more than eventful when an unexpected inspector arrives enquiring the suicide and death of a young girl names Eva Smith. Whilst doing so, the inspector unlocks a chain of family secrets along the way. The play, in its time, proved to be very popular, and still does so today. In this play, I think that J. B. Priestley chose the characters very well. I think that what made the play so appealing is the way in which he gave each character such a strong personality. Each member of the Birling family has a unique personality and throughout the play some of the Birling family change. I do think however, that the Birlings as a whole family are quite stereotypical. The Birlings come across as a family that have wealth and seem to be quite a respected family of a high class. At the beginning of the play, the Birling family seem to be quite a closely bonded family but throughout the play this bond seems to drift apart as they recognise their differences. The family consists of four very unique and exciting individuals: Arthur Birling- A very self-obsessed, wealthy business man, also very self-opinionated. The perfect example of an old snob. Obviously very proud of his achievements in life, but with his heart set on a knighthood which would be his ultimate achievement. Sybil Birling- Considers herself high in regard to social standings, largely on the back of her husbands success and wealth. Possibly a Hyacinth Bucket of her time. A very unlikeable woman who sees lots of people as being beneath her. Sheila Birling- comes across as a very polite and obedient woman, looking forward to her engagement to Gerald Croft. However, as the play goes on, Sheila begins to realise the truth about herself and the Birling family, and begins to stand up against them. Eric Birling-Quite an enclosed person. Erics personality is hard to detect. He seems to be the outcast of the family, and the family do not discover until later on in the play that Eric is in fact a heavy drinker and was to father a illegitimate child. A typical wealthy young man of the day.

Debt and Factoring Essay Example for Free

Debt and Factoring Essay Nowadays, every business needs finance. But at the same time, bad debt has become a stinging problem for the creditors. Many companies are faced with the high credit risk, so obtaining it can be one of the most difficult parts of running your business. So what is the solution for this problem? You can see, there are so many types of business finance, including: bank loans, credit cards, leasing, even outsides investors, family and friend loans†¦ But in my opinion, one of the quickest forms of low cost business finance is factoring, where you can get up to 85% of the value of your invoice immediately, and the remainder (minus the factoring company’s fee) after the money is collected. kFactoring is one of the best ways to get quick finance, improving your cashflow and allowing you to make the most of your sales without risking late payment. What is factoring? You can image that just be simple to sell your invoice to a factoring company. You can get cash quickly, have a chance to access immediate funds, without having to wait for the customer to pay the invoice. You also don’t have to collect the debt. Because you transfer the mission to the factoring company. They get debt and have to collect it. Of course, you lose some of the value of the invoice. And the difference between the price it paid for the invoice and the money from the debtor is the factor’s overall profit. They can provide money either with recourse or without recourse. This is particularly beneficial to those of you who are in a growth period and committing more working capital to customer credit debtors. There are three basically parties involved in factoring transaction. First, the seller of goods. Second, the buyer of goods. And lastly, the factor or factoring company. Three parties interact each other during the purchase of goods. And what about the history of factoring? In fact, it started centuries ago. It was used in England before 1400. It appears to be closely related to early merchant banking activities. As time rolled on, factoring underwent several changes. The changes are brought about by technology, the organization of companies particularly air travel and non-face to face communications technologies starting with the telegraph, followed by the telephone and then computers. The changes in the legal structures also influenced the changes in factoring rules. But in general, the purpose of it is as the same. Factoring is becoming popular tool to solve problems relating collection, delays recievables. So what are the advantages of factoring over other types of finance? Time Saving – With factoring, you don’t waste too much time to chase debts, administer sales ledger. Instead that you can concentrate on the other major areas of your business and improve your efficiency. You can use this money to invest in stock, real estate Cost Naturally, one of the key considerations when thinking about factoring solutions is the amount it will cost. Obviously it will mean that profit margins are reduced when the factor’s service fee is taken into account. However, factoring your invoices is still cheaper than using credit cards, overdrafts or many other forms of finance. Factoring also gives you set fees, whereas credit cards and overdrafts costs can build up if you keep using them and not paying them off in full. Speed – Factoring allow you to capitalise on your invoices with a minimum of delay. You can get up to 85% of the invoice within 24 hours, helping to maintain a good working cashflow rather than requiring you to wait 30/60 days for a customer to pay (If they pay on time! . This is particularly useful if you get a large order that requires you to spend on stock and production costs before you get paid; factoring allows you to accept the order with much less risk to your cashflow. Security – Factoring does not require you to use your home or business assets as security for the finance, as the money is secured on the sales you have already made. Bear in mind though that some factoring companies will not want to fac tor risky invoices; as they carry the risk rather than you. Suitable for Businesses of All Sizes- One big advantage of factoring is that it is potentially suitable for businesses of all sizes; especially now there are invoice finance firms that are targeted at small businesses and their needs. The above listed advantage do not mean that the factoring operation are totally free from any limitation. Some of main limitations of such transaction are listed below: Reputation – Some less reputable invoice finance companies can damage your customer relations by being too aggressive in collecting factored invoices. However, you can avoid this problem by choosing a well known and reputable firm. Control – Factoring reduces the control you have over your debts, as the invoice finance company collects them for you. However, this also means less work on your part. factoring can have a negative impact on the way a business operates. * The factor usually takes over the maintenance of the sales ledger. Customers may prefer to deal with the company it is trading with rather than a factor. However, if the factors techniques are clearly agreed beforehand, there will usually be no problem. * Factoring may impose constraints on the way to do business. For non-recourse factoring, most factors will want to pre-approve customers, which may cause delays. The factor will apply credit limits to individual customers (though these should be no lower than prudent credit control would suggest). * The client company might only want the finance arrangements and yet it might feel it is paying for collection services they do not really need. * Ending a factoring arrangement can be difficult where the only exit route is to repurchase the sales ledger or to switch factors and that could cause a sudden shortfall in your working capital.

Feminist Critique of Classical Criminology

Feminist Critique of Classical Criminology The feminist critique of classical criminology has focused first on the marginalization of women in its studies and secondly on the contention that when women are studied, it is in a particularly limited and distorting fashion. Attempts to construct a distinctly feminist criminology have been made with use of methodologies including empiricism and standpoint theory. However, these theories have received criticism for their essentialist assumptions and universal claims. The feminist criminological theories detailed in this opinion have resulted from these criticisms and focus on postmodern ideas which consider more carefully how categories of identity are constituted and how power relates to knowledge. Particular attention will be given to the impact of Foucauldian notions of normalisation and disciplining power on the explanations of female conformity and deviance. Discourses on hegemonic masculinity which have grown from feminist epistemologies and methodologies will also be address ed. For every one hundred males convicted of serious offences there are only 18 females so convicted. Age and sex remain the best predictors for crime and delinquency better than class, race or employment status.(heidensohn, 1995, p143)  [1]. The discipline of criminology has been increasingly criticised by feminists and pro-feminist writers for its lack of gender analysis. As Ngaire Naffine has asserted, the costs to criminology of its failure to deal with feminist scholarship are perhaps more severe than they would be in any other discipline.(Naffine, p6)  [2]  The reason being that the most consistent and prominent fact about crime is the sex of the offender. As a rule, crime is something that men do, not women, so the denial of the gender question and the dismissal of feminists who wish to tease it out seems particularly perverse.(Naffine. 1996, p6)  [3]   The field of literature on criminology would suggest that it is a discipline of academic men studying criminal men and, at best, it would appear that women represent only a specialism, not the standard fare. .(Naffine. 1996, p1)  [4]  Similarly feminism as a substantial body of social, political and philosophical thought, does not feature prominently in conventional criminological writing. Feminism in its more ambitious and influential mode is not employed in the study of men, which is the central business of criminology. The message to the reader is thus that feminism is about women, while criminology is about men. (Naffine. 1996, p2)  [5]  Naffine has stated, the neglect of women in much mainstream criminology has, therefore, skewed criminological thinking in a quite particular way. It has stopped criminologists seeing the sex of their subjects, precisely because men have occupied and colonised all of the terrain. (Naffine. 1996, p8)  [6]   Traditional criminology which has sought to explain female criminality has been almost summarily rejected by feminists. The feminist critique of classical criminology was inaugurated by Carol Smart who rejected the biological positivist account of criminality propounded by Lombroso and Ferrero. Smart contended that the common stance, which unites classical theorists, is based upon a particular misconception of the innate character and nature of women, which is in turn founded upon a biological determinist position.(Smart. 1977, p27)  [7]  The emphasis on the determined nature of human behaviour, asserted Smart, is not peculiar to the discipline of criminology, or to the study of women, but is particularly pertinent to the study of female criminality because of the widely-held and popular belief in the non-cognitive, physiological basis of criminal actions by women.  [8]   Feminist criminologists sought to rectify the inadequacies of traditional criminology through new methodologies and research. Two of the earliest and most prominent schools of thought were feminist empiricism and standpoint feminism. Much of the early writing of feminists in criminology assumed the methods and assumptions of empiricist criminology. The concern of these early feminists was that women had been left out of the research of scientists and the result was a necessarily skewed and distorted science.  [9]  It accounted for men and explained their behaviour in a rigorous and scientific way, but it did not account for women, though it purported to do so. Feminist criminologists pointed out the blatant sexism of this double standard and argued that women and men should receive the same scientific treatment. Harding labels this method of thought feminist empiricism.  [10]  To feminist empiricists, scientific claims are thought to be realisable, but have not yet been realised in relation to women. Feminist empiricists alleged that classical criminologists had not considered the effects of their own biases and preconceptions on their work: on what they chose to do, how they did it, and what they made of it.  [11]  Thus feminist empiricists endeavour to develop a scientific understanding of women as the missing subjects of criminology, to document their lives both as offenders and as victims. They raise objections to the empirical claims made about women, when those claims are based on meagre evidence, with a good sprinkling of prejudice.  [12]   Naffine has suggested that the principle shortcoming of feminist empiricism is its tendency to leave the rest of the discipline in place, unanalysed and unchallenged.  [13]  The underlying assumption is that criminology is somehow competent and impartial when it is not dealing with women and so the gendered nature of criminal law and the criminal justice system remains unexamined. The empirical methods and the epistemological assumptions of traditional criminology are generally allowed to stand, as are its understandings of men. Feminist empiricism, therefore, fails to ask about the significance of institutions which have been organised around men.  [14]   Another feminist criminology which was constructed from the critique of classical theory was standpoint feminism. Standpoint feminism contended that criminologys continuing preoccupation with the viewpoint of men was a function of power. For standpoint feminists, the solution to criminologys ignorance of womens experiences was to turn to women themselves and seek their own accounts of the criminal experience. As Carol Smart has observed: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the epistemological basis of this form of feminist knowledge is experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦feminist experience is achieved through a struggle against oppression; it is, therefore, argued to be more complete and less distorted than the perspective of the ruling group of men. A feminist standpoint then is not just the experience of women, but of women reflexively engaged in struggle. In this process it is argued that a more accurate or fuller version of reality is achieved. This stance does not divide knowledge from values and politics but sees knowledge arising from engagement.  [15]   Thus the adoption of the standpoint of women is fundamentally a moral and political act of commitment to understanding the world from the perspective of the socially subjugated. It assumes that the identity of the subject matters; the epistemological site of the woman from below provides better insights into her condition. Thus, standpoint theorists attempt to close the gap between the knower and the known.  [16]   Pat Carlen has made use of standpoint theory in her research seeking to invest the female offender with the sort of rationality and purpose which had previously only been found in the male offender.  [17]  Carlen took an unusual step by literally making the criminal women who formed the subject of her study the authors of their own stories.  [18]  One of Carlens stated purposes was to make us realise that the criminality of women is serious and intentional.  [19]  Other standpoint theorists have suggested that the viewpoint of women provides a more secure grasp of certain aspects of reality, particularly the realities of disadvantages and political oppression than the standpoint of men. Standpoint theory can also be used effectively to highlight the injuries done to women as victims of crime. Standpoint feminism is by its nature democratic, its subversive potential does not depend on the academic credentials of the author.  [20]   Despite the contribution of standpoint theory to feminist criminology critics of this methodology have not failed to highlight its manifest inadequacies. These inadequacies include a lack of constituency and the tendency of standpoint feminism to universalise the category woman. These are the questions which standpoint feminism has no clear answer to. The notion of a womans standpoint, the suggestion that women as a category possess a particular and superior view of the world, is necessarily to select just one of the many viewing points from which women look on the world, and then to impose that one view on all.  [21]  These criticisms and others have been highlighted most eloquently by black and Third World feminists. Marcia Rice has taken issue with mainstream feminist criminology accusing it of being blind to its own essentialising tendencies. Given the history and theoretical objectives of feminist criminology, one might have assumed that the monolithic, unidimensional perspectives employed by traditional theorists would have been abandoned for a more dynamic approach.  [22]   However, Rice contends, almost without exception, feminist criminological research from 1960 to the present has focused on white female offenders. Sexist images of women have been challenged, but racist stereotypes have largely been ignored.  [23]  While there has been some acknowledgement that black women are not dealt with in the same way as white women, no research has been carried out which compares the sentences of black and white women.  [24]  This is an important point as a failure to consider the potentially different experiences of black women may invalidate the research findings. Race may be as important as gender, if not more so.  [25]   Rice has also criticised the perceived assumption in much feminist criminological writing that all women are equally disadvantaged. For example ODwyer, Wilson and Carlen write: Women in prison suffer all the same deprivation, indignities and degradations as male prisoners. Additionally they suffer other problems that are specific to them as imprisoned women.  [26]  Rice contends that this statement is inadequate as it stands. It fails to acknowledge the added problems of the isolation of and discrimination against black women. Bryan et al, for example, point to the fact that a higher percentage of black than white women in prison are on prescribed psychotropic drugs.  [27]  This requires explanation. Furthermore, many black women serving long sentences are not indigenous but are from West Africa and are serving sentences for drug offences. These groups of female prisoners in Britain are often awaiting deportation and have special needs; for example, contact is usually severed with their families and there are problems of communication.  [28]   Thus, asserts Rice, feminist criminologists have developed a theoretical approach which emphasises the significance of patriarchal oppression and sexist ideological practices. The main problem with this is that, in assuming a universal dimension of mens power, this approach has ignored the fact that race significantly affects black womens experiences in the home, in the labour market, and of the criminal justice system.  [29]   Criminologists have responded in many ways to the concerns of standpoint theorists. The responses focused on in this essay are those which pursue the intellectual problems generated by standpoint theory, and so consider more carefully how categories of identity are constituted and how power relates to knowledge. An examination of female criminality and unofficial deviance suggests that we need to move away from studying infractions and look at conformity instead, because the most striking thing about female criminal behaviour on the basis of all the evidence is how notably conformist to social mores women are.  [30]   Increasingly feminist criminologists have turned to postmodern (and poststructuralist) explanations of the way power and knowledge intersect to interrogate normalisation techniques and womens social and legal conformity. Many of these theories and methodologies have been based on the work of influential French philosopher Michel Foucault. Foucault has argued that disciplinary power acts on the individual body in order to render it more powerful, productive, useful and docile. Foucaults genealogies seek to give an account of how our ways of thinking and doing dominate and control us.  [31]  In modern society disciplinary power has spread through the production of certain forms of knowledge, such as the positivistic human sciences, and through the emergence of disciplinary techniques of surveillance, and examination which facilitates the process of obtaining knowledge about individuals. Disciplinary practices create the divisions healthy/ill, sane/mad which by virtue of their autho ritative statuses can be used as effective means of normalisation.  [32]  Disciplinary power secures its hold by created desires, attaching individuals and their behaviour to specific identities, and establishing norms against which individuals and their behaviours and bodies are judged and against which they police themselves.  [33]  Prevailing notions of identity and subjectivity are maintained and created not through violence or active coercion but by individual self-surveillance. Thus, There is no need for arms, physical violence, material constraints. Just a gaze. An inspecting gaze, a gaze which each individual under its weight will end up by interiorising to the point that he is his own overseer, each individual this exercising their surveillance over, and against himself  [34]   Forms of knowledge such as criminology, psychiatry and philanthropy are directly related to the exercise of power, while power itself creates new objects of knowledge and accumulates new bodies of information. Foucaults interpretation of disciplinary power has allowed feminist criminologists to exact a resounding critique on feminisms which have utilised structural accounts of patriarchal power. It has also prompted these criminologists to interrogate the diverse relationships that women occupy in relation to the social field consisting of multiple sites of power and resistance. Feminists have used Foucaults analytics of power to show how the various strategies of oppression around the female body from ideological representations of femininity to concrete procedures of confinement and bodily control are central to the maintenance of hierarchical social relations.  [35]  A pertinent example of feminist criminological research which has uncovered the use of panoptic techniques on women has been done by Pat Carlen who interviewed 15 Scottish sheriffs on their handling of women who were charged and imprisoned for criminal offences.  [36]  Carlen observed the considerable degree of embarrassment in the sheriffs feelings when a woman appeared in court as accused. They seemed to feel uneasy first because they knew that the women were being dealt with in a highly inappropriate penal tariff system to which they could not respond and second because of the womens role as mothers. The conflict was resolved by the sheriffs differentiating between good and bad m others. The sheriffs then redefine the prison to which the women are sent with all the appropriate paraphernalia of security and restraint, as a comfortable place, suitable for a spot of kindly paternal discipline (emphasis added).  [37]  Thus disciplinary power works to examine, diagnose and reform criminal women whilst the sheriff fulfills the role of normalising judge. Colin Sumner has provided an insightful exposition of Foucauldian normalisation in his work on gender and the censure of deviance.  [38]  Normalising power works through the norm, which is a mixture of legality and nature, prescription and constitution,  [39]  to produce a physics of a relational and multiple power, which has its maximum intensity not in the person of the King, but in the bodies that can be individualised by these relations.  [40]  It does not replace law, rather law is subsumed: the law operates more and more as a norm, the judicial institution is increasingly incorporated into a continuum or apparatuses whose functions are for the most part regulatory.  [41]  Discipline supports law, by its system of micro power and neutralises counter-power or resistance with the principle of mildness-production-profit rather than the levy of violence. Normalisation involves, then, a combination and generalisation of panoptic techniques subsuming other forms of pow er.  [42]  Examples of the practical implications for women who transgress the norms of sex-role expectations can be found in research which details the excessive harshness of the courts when dealing with women offenders.  [43]  Women defendants seem strange and less comprehensible than men: they offend both against societys behavioural rules about property, drinking, or violence and also against the more fundamental norms which govern sex-role behaviour. The differentiation between the sexes is scaled to protect girls from themselves, but it allows boys to be boys.  [44]   Thus through techniques of normalisation, a complex composition of hegemonic, and therefore social, censures emerged and, eventually, became the foundation of positivist and administrative forms of criminology.  [45]  Normalisation is presented as a strategy which produces a disciplined individual who is normally so unaware of the place of individualisation in the general strategies of domination that s/he operates within the illusion of a rationalistic voluntarism, while performing the economic, political, sexual and ideological roles required by sustained capital accumulation and bourgeois hegemony.  [46]   Despite its appeal to and appropriation by many feminists, Sumner has criticised Foucaults concept of normalisation for glossing over the role of the censure of women and femininity in the hegemonic ideologies constituting the political and economic role of the state.  [47]  Indeed, Sumner contends, the formation of the modern subject is a profoundly gendered process, as indeed is the formation of the modern state. Modern social censures and forms of social regulation are fundamentally gendered.  [48]  As Catherine MacKinnon has said: The state is male in a feminist senseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The liberal state coercively and authoritively constitutes the social order in the interests of men as a gender, through its legitimising norms, relation to society, and substantive policies.  [49]   Sumner criticises the lack of analysis of mens domination, patriarchy and hegemonic masculinist ideologies in Foucaults understanding of the concepts of right, justice, contract and agency.  [50]  The state form itself is profoundly masculine in that its fundamental organising concepts, institutions, procedures and strategies are historically imbued with, and are themselves descriptive of, an ideological notion of masculinity that is hegemonic; and that this hegemonic masculinity which contributes to the very form of state power, is not so much an effect of mens economic power as an overdetermined historical condensation of the economic, political and ideological power of ruling-class men.  [51]  Thus, it must be observed that the normalisation process concomitant with capitalist development contains with it the censure of the feminine and of deviant masculinities. This censure is part of the dominant ideological knowledge that the powerful try to invest in the practices and thus the bodies of subjects.  [52]   This notion of hegemonic masculinity which Sumner highlights in his critique of Foucault is a growing area of criminological research which draws on feminist theory and postmodern critique and it seeks to interrogate the gender question behind the criminality of men. The study of masculinities in a criminological context was inaugurated by Australian criminologist Bob Connell.  [53]   one very important new topic is already on the agenda: masculinityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..If emphasis on gender is a key aspect of feminist work, then the further study of masculinity must be vital. Without it there will be no progress.  [54]   Criminologists seeking to realign the gender question within criminology have sought an understanding of the crimes of men through reference to a rather different conceptualisation of masculinity; not just that the crimes of individual men might be explained through reference to their masculinity, but rather the idea that society itself is presently experiencing what has been termed a crisis of masculinity, a crisis made manifest in both the changing nature and extent of mens criminality.  [55]  Criminology for so long the target of feminist critique as the apotheosis of a masculinist discipline in terms of its epistemological assumptions, methodology and institutional practices, might at last appear to be addressing its very own sex question by seeking to engage with the sexed specificity of its object of study the fact that crime is, overwhelming, an activity engaged in by men.  [56]  The target of feminist critiques of the discipline which have emerged during the past 20 years has been with the nature of this recognition, the way in which the sex-specificity of crime has been conceptualised. How is it possible to recognise the diversity of mens lives whilst also recognising the existence of a culturally exalted form of masculinity? For Bob Connell the answer lies in the concept of hegemonic masculinity, which is always constructed in relation to various subordinated masculinities as well as in relation to women.  [57]  Central to hegemonic masculinity is the idea that a variety of masculinities can be ordered hierarchically. Gender relations, Connell argues, are constituted through three interrelated structures: labour, power and cathexis. What orderliness exists between them is not that of a system but, rather, a unity or historical composition. What is produced is a gender order, a historically constructed pattern of power relation between men and women and definitions of femininity and masculinity.  [58]  The politics of masculinity cannot be confined to the level of the personal. They are also embedded in the gender regime, part of the organisational sexualit y of institutions and society generally.  [59]  The construction of hegemonic masculinity as a unifying and all-encompassing ideology of the masculine envisages an image of mens beliefs and interests which is then seen as somehow intruding into the sacred realm of theoretical or institutional practices.  [60]   Criminology largely remains bifurcated around a man/woman axis in which general universal theories of crime causation have been taken to apply to men whilst the crimes of women are assessed from, or in relation to, the male norm.  [61]  Women have been seen as an aberration to this norm, to be as other, somehow less than fully male. However, crucially, one result of this simultaneous focus on a) the individual offender and b) the constitution of men as the norm has been that the sex-class of men have themselves been separated out into two groups: the offending criminal man and the non-offending man. It has been feminist work, especially in the area of mens violences, which has challenged the subsequent pathologising of the crimes of men that results from such a division, by seeking to explore instead what men may share, as opposed to the attributes of the individual criminal man.  [62]  Within mainstream criminology men considered to be deviant or pathological have been contr asted with the normal and the law-abiding. Whilst some criminologists may have sought to blur this distinction, it is a bifurcation between different types or categories of men which nonetheless remains the norm of criminological discourse. It has been in seeking to understand this issue of what men may share that, in the work of the second phase criminologists writing from feminist and pro-feminist perspectives, the concept of masculinity has been seen to have had a particular, and rather different, heuristic purchase.  [63]   Despite the potential of the theory of a hegemonic masculinity to be an explanatory variable of crimes by men, there are conceptual limits to its appeal. Collier asserts that the concept of hegemonic masculinity is of limited use in seeking to engage with such a complex male subject.  [64]  What we are dealing with is really a description or a list of masculine traits, each conjuring up powerful images about men and crime. In theory, each of the characteristics associated with hegemonic masculinity could apply equally to women as to men. Not all crime is to be explained by reference to hegemonic masculinity.  [65]  The concept of hegemonic masculinity has been used both as a primary and underlying cause of particular social effects and, simultaneously, as something which is seen as resulting from or which is accomplished through, recourse to crime.  [66]  Not only does this reflect a failure to resolve fully the tendency towards universalism, it can also be read as tautol ogical.  [67]  Thus, it is alleged, what is actually being discussed in accounts of hegemonic masculinity and crime is, in effect, a range of popular ideologies of what constitute ideal or actual characteristics of being a man. Hegemonic masculinity does not afford a handle on the conflicts generated between material and ideological networks of power. Nor, importantly, does it address the complexity and multi-layered nature of the social subject.  [68]   Thus it would appear that despite the breakthroughs promised by research into masculinities they have been seen to face some of the same problems associated with early feminism: totalising discourse and essentialist claims. An adequate theory of masculinity which does not resort to totalising discourse and essentialist claims would be a welcome addition to criminological discussions of gender. Feminist criminologists have long sought to highlight the manifest inadequacies of classical criminologys ignorance and distortion of women and crime. Smart has contended that the biological determinist position propounded by Lombroso and Ferrero has promulgated a misconception of the innate character and nature of women.  [69]  Attempts to rectify this distortion were made through the use of feminist empiricism and standpoint feminism which endeavoured to garner womens perspectives by turning to women themselves and seeking their own accounts of the criminal experience. However, these theories could not escape accusations of universalism and lack of constituency leveled by black feminists and postmodernists alike. Michel Foucaults theory of disciplinary power has been used by feminist criminologists to explain both the social conformity of women and the constitution of deviant womens identities in a social field consisting of multiple sites of power and knowledge. Feminist crimi nologists have used Foucaults analytics of power to show how the various strategies of oppression around the female body from ideological representations of femininity in classical criminology to concrete procedures of confinement and bodily control are central to the maintenance of hierarchical social relations. A relatively new development in criminological theory which concerns the issues of gender has been the idea of hegemonic masculinity. Connell has characterised hegemonic masculinity as a gender regime of sorts which is part of the organisational sexuality of institutions and society generally.  [70]  Hegemonic masculinity captures the ideology of masculinity pervading theoretical and established practices. The critique of hegemonic masculinity has focused on its tautological implications, and the contention that it is merely descriptive of masculine traits and cannot be used to engage with a complex male subject. Despite these criticisms, discourse on masculinity is a step forward for feminists who have long lobbied for adequate analysis of the role of gender in the criminological discipline.

The 18th Amendment :: Alcohol

To drink or no? Ever since the first people stumbled across alcohol (and then each other) this has been a question commonly asked. Statistics show that a majority of domestic violence, automobile accidents, and rape, all involve (many times) alcohol. Whether one thinks consumption is "right" or not has been asked by people for people from time to time. This would be the case of the 18th Amendment of 1919. The Act passed by those concerned with the above-mentioned problems, prohibited the vending, transportation of, and consumption of alcohol. The law was intended to be enforced nation-wide. Police raided and trashed many vendors to stop their trade. Sometimes however, the police took their share of the whiskey they were supposed to break, and paid reporters to look the other way. On the whole, prohibition was effective in smaller town/cities, but worked a bit less in the larger cities. It is said that for every market that is destroyed, a new underground market is created. This was exactly the case with prohibition. Though domestic violence did decrease, much crime increased. Bootlegers (people who made/sold their own whiskey) popped up everywhere. Speakeasies, which were underground bars, were frequented by virtually everyone. Seceret drinking was considered a glamorous thing-even in Washington parties. Bootlegging gangs began to increase, thus an increase in street crime occured. One of the most famous of these gangsters was Al Capone. Capone's bootlegging ring earned him approximately 60,000,000 dollars a year. One example of gang related crime was the St. Valentines Day Massacre, in which Capones's gang gunned down and killed seven members of "Bugs" Morgans' gang.

Success Story: Subway Restaurants Essay -- Business Marketing Franchis

Success Story: Subway Restaurants Subway Restaurants, the franchised based sandwich shops, has surpassed McDonald’s as the largest restaurant chain in the country. The â€Å"Healthy Choice† promoted chain surpassed the Big Mac of fast food by 148 locations. Subway opened 904 new locations last year, to McDonald’s 295 opened (www.Subway.com). The sandwich franchise began during the summer of 1965. Seventeen year old Fred DeLuca received a loan from a family friend for one thousand dollars, and opened the first Subway in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The store name was not Subway but Pete’s Super Submarines named after the family friend that gave Fred DeLuca the loan (www.entrepreneur.com). Pete’s Super Submarines was changed to the current name of Subway in 1974 (www.entrepreneur.com). Fred DeLuca wanted to expand and open more locations, he had a set goal of opening 32 shops with in ten years. By 1974 DeLuca owned and operated sixteen locations around Connecticut. DeLuca was just at the halfway point of his goal of 32 shops in ten years. Time was running short with just less than two years to achieve his targeted goal. DeLuca turned to franchising as an option to increase locations (www.Subway.com). A Friend of DeLuca was the first franchisee. Brian Dixon bought the Wallington, Connecticut location (www.Subway.com). In 2003 Subway is ranked number one in the franchise 500, they have held this title for three years in a row. Subway has also been ...

Clothing and Body Language in Literary Works and Art Essay -- Poe Baud

Clothing and Body Language in Literary Works and Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout life, clothing and body language are often utilized as sources of emotional expression. These emotions can also be portrayed in literaray works and artisitic displays, such as those of Poe, Baudelaire, Manet, and Warhol. In Poe's â€Å"Man of the Crowd,† there are several descriptions of different types of people based on their appearances, but one particular man is focused on by the narrator due to his unique appearance. Baudelaire's â€Å"The Painter of Modern Life† emphasizes the emotional expressions of beauty and fashion expressed in art. Manet is an artist who paints scenes to his liking. All of his works were done in his studio and set up the way that he wanted them. He holds a particular focus on men and women and the relationship between them. The positions and clothing that the men and women are set up in hold strong emotional implications about their feelings towards one another and the emotions involved in the social setting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening of â€Å"The Man of the Crowd,† describes the emotions involved in untold secrets and the deepest of crimes; there are internal conflicts, struggles, anxieties, and agonous results due to the horror of the unsolvable crimes. The possibility of these crimes is introduced through the man of the crowd through his unseemingly unidentifiable expression The narrator describes his thoughts of this man as: There arose confusedly and paradoxically within my mind, the ideas of vast mental power, of caution, of penuriousness, of avarice, of coolness, of malice, of blood-thirtstiness, of triumph, of merriment, of excessive terror, of intense - of supreme despair. I felt singularly aroused, startled, fascinated. â€Å"How wild a history,† I said to myself, â€Å"is written within that bosom!† Although the narrator had never spoken to this man of the crowd, he was compelled to follow him based on his expression that had never been viewed by the narrator. He continued to follow the man of the crowd, noticing his patterns of following people by the mass and his shambled cloting and he concluded that he â€Å"[was] the type and genious of deep crime. He refuses to be alone.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to viewing the man of the crowd, the narrator observed several different types of people, all of which were able to be â€Å"read† through their outward appearances... ...p is not meant to be applied naturally and should be used as a method of exhibition of their beauty. Although Baudelaire does not describe the actions of women in the section of makeup, he clearly praises women who wear makeup because of their holy nature and uncriticalness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monet is able to express several emotions through his paintings, particularly through the arrangement and the depiction of the subjects in his work. In In The Conservatory, Manet focuses on the relationship between the man and the woman. The woman is properly dressed with buttons vertically lined up through her dress, thus constricting her presense. She has a fixed gaze and is not looking at the man. Although she is sitting comfortably, the woman has a rigid appearance. The man is leaning over towards her and is dressed like a dandy. The expressions on their faces and the way the man is leaning over the woman and looking at her appears as though he is pleading for forgiveness or attention. The rims of her eyes are red adding the possibility of her crying and an emphasis is placed upon their hands, which both contain wedding rings, suggesting that they are a married couple with problems.

How to Study for an Exam Process Essay Essay

A cumulative exam, or final is a test given to students at the end of a course of study. Studying for a final cumulative exam can be both a stressful and scary time. Most high schools, colleges, and universities have final exams at the end of a particular academic term, semester, or more traditionally at the end of a complete course. These tests can be worth high percentages of your grade and can determine how well you do in a class. There are many steps to being able to take these tests well but they begin long before the studying for the test actually begins. To be successful on a final exam but ultimately in a class the first thing you must do is attend class. It is important you attend class so that you don’t miss out on anything important. The class time you spend listening to your instructor is one of the most essential ways of retaining information on the subject you’re going over. I’m not saying you must attend every single class in a semester but try your hardest to. If for some reason you do miss class, the next step you would follow is to be sure to get anything you’ve missed from a classmate. I never have an issue when it comes to getting information off classmates because you’ll find that everyone needs a friend in a class one day. The next thing you must do is take good notes. I use a variety of methods when I’m taking notes. I color-code things and use different ways of pointing out information such as stars, bullets, and arrows. These different things are a useful way to indicate different types of information. It makes it easier to pick out key points when you’re studying for your final. The next thing you do is keep up with your homework. In high school you typically get your homework the day before it is due so it is a lot easier to make sure you keep everything up to date. As a college student you receive a syllabus at the beginning of the semester that lists all assignments, tests, and readings for the class. I list all of these things in a planner and keep that planner with me at all times. You must keep up with everything on time because if you get behind you will fall further and further behind until you can’t catch up anymore. This could lead to doing poorly in your classes. You must continue with these steps for months leading into the end of the semester. Then, once it gets close to the final exam there are many things you must do. There are things you have to specifically do the week before, the night before, and then the morning of. If you follow certain steps then you’re surely to do just fine. First, a week or so before your exam compile all your materials in one place. I use a small binder of folder just so it’s easily carried around for studying. I go back through old notebooks and folders and collect any article that contains information I will need for the exam, all homework, handouts, quizzes, and tests. Get your syllabus and make sure you have notes covering everything you’ve done in the semester. Final exams contain information from the entire class so it is very important you collect everything. The next thing you must do is re-read all the information you have collected. As you read gather important points, make flashcards, study guides, and other study materials that could be of use to you. While making study guides it is often helpful to use different means of labeling things like arrows, stars, and color-coding things. Afterward, you must spend a large amount of time studying your material using many different methods. Personally I use practice tests, highlight, and re-take notes. Using many ways allows you to make sure you know the material and are not just memorizing it in a certain order. Be sure to spend extra time on any material you feel will either be a large part of the test or anything you are still unsure about. There are many steps to follow the night of the exam as well. First, get rid of all your distractions. Turn your phone on silent, log out of everything and put yourself in a non-distracting environment. The next step is to not spend too much time studying material you already know. Review and spend the majority of your time on things you are still unsure of. Your last step the night before your exam is simply, get some sleep. Your brain will be completely useless if you are exhausted so the smartest thing to do is to study early on, avoid the all-nighters, and get some rest. Finally, you must take your exam. Do not rush. Take your time on every question. If you do not know the answer to a  question do not panic, simply breathe and give it your best effort. After you have answered everything go back over your exam and make sure you have at least attempted every question. Make sure to check your answers and if any seem wrong change them. Then, turn your exam in and continue on your way. It is important to know how to study for and act the day of a final because every type of student goes through it. Whether you are in high school, college, or graduate school all scholars must be able to do well on these tests. Finals can determine how well you do in your classes and can ultimately determine parts of your future. You must receive good grades to be able to continue on an education path and obtain a good career. If you follow the steps I have provided for you then you are surely to do just fine.

Cooperative Learning for Positive Interdependence

The effectiveness of apply conjunct attainment in Enhancing study inclusion body for side for Communication II stu hideoutts in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature retrospect 1. John Myers (Cooperative acquirement Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the lexicon expositions of collaboration, derived from its Latin setation, focus on the process of on the job(p) together the root word for cooperation stresses the overlap of such survive. 2. fit in to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & metal scoreer (1991) the six principles of their explanation of a current paradigm of educational activity method and desex cooperation is a structure that was knowing to athletic supporter and eliminate the specific of harvest-time or aims by means of people that functional together in a theme. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), concerted fellowship is overly peerless of rise under The communicatory Approach where it involves a ass ort of exposeers been instructed by genius instructor when they atomic number 18 work together to peg the task or else of competitively working(a) on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) states that reconciling acquire is a special shit of radical t for each oneing which accentuates and structures accessible processes in scholarship and makes them a field of operations of contendion. 5. Cooperative schooling is the instructional use of mild groups os that students work together to increase their take and some others education (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that conjunct attain occurs when instructional methods modify students to work and check over in nice heterogeneous mogul groups.When this happens, reconciling encyclopaedism is subject to operate students into the tender proponent of encyclopedism (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that level off though these thi rd fundamental interaction models atomic number 18 not every bit stiff in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is substantial that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will typesetters case situations in which totally three interaction patterns argon direct and they will deficiency to be adapted to be effective in each.They too should be able to select the impound interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative closing interdependence where, when one person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in joint attainment which is interpersonal and subatomic group skills, reflection to tone interaction, psyche and group accountability, prescribed interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that joint encyclopedism offers a view of nurture which is socially based. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative instruction is an activity involving a small group of study who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and courage (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and joint helpfulness and singular accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of cooperative learning by feeling at ecumenic structures which can be applied to all situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured ascend to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, analysis and taxonomical application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) secern cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more reciprocally searching for attending, solutions or substances or creating a product. 4. ODo nnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because high mental functions, such as reasoning, erudition and critical thinking, begin in social interactions and are hence internalized by individuals. 15. From collins Online Dictionary tenth Edition, denotation recognition is a schoolbookbook that students use to help them better their knowledge skills by narration and answering questions relating to the textbook. Sometimes, utilize as a test or examination of development skills.A practice science can be in the students let or other expression. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her handle entitled packing For Understanding Towards an R&D computer programme in variation apprehension, defines reading acquaintance as the process at the same time extracting and constructing centre by dint of interaction and inter-group communication with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Bran d-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that lexicon knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and earreach wisdom are necessary skills for reading recognition. 18. s a process that requires how to trace through the culture of an extensive repertoire of sight lyric poem, learning the means of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to abstract meaning from text. It represents how well referees understand literal comprehension which concentrates on distinct meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a hanker term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early symbolise of life. development how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), exercise comprehension involves visual robotlike skills of re cognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating well-formed and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his term entitled How to reform Reading Comprehension, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) in his journal clause entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative skill Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts give tongue to that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was sober and interesting as they were able to discuss the literary text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An sign Study of the do of Cooperative encyclopaedism on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and pauperization to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motivation to read.Cooperative Learning for Positive InterdependenceThe Ef fectiveness of using Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Reading Comprehension for English for Communication II students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature Review 1. John Myers (Cooperative Learning Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of collaboration, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together the root word for cooperation stresses the product of such work. 2.According to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & Smith (1991) the six principles of their definition of a new paradigm of teaching and define cooperation is a structure that was designed to help and guide the specific of product or aims through people that working together in a group. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), cooperative learning is also one of approach under The Communicative Approach where it involves a group of learners been instructed by one teacher when they are working together to complete the task instead of competiti vely working on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) states that cooperative learning is a special form of group teaching which accentuates and structures social processes in learning and makes them a subject of discussion. 5. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups os that students work together to maximize their own and others learning (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that cooperative learning occurs when instructional methods enable students to work and learn in small heterogeneous ability groups.When this happens, cooperative learning is able to lead students into the social power of learning (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that even though these three interaction patterns are not equally effective in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is important that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will face situations in which all three int eraction patterns are operating and they will need to be able to be effective in each.They also should be able to select the appropriate interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative goal interdependence where, when one person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in cooperative learning which is interpersonal and small group skills, face to face interaction, individual and group accountability, positive interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that cooperative learning offers a view of learning which is socially based. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative learning is an activity involving a small group of learning who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and resolution (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual helpfulness and individual accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of collaborative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured approach to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) describe cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more mutually searching for understanding, solutions or meanings or creating a product. 4. ODonnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because higher mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension and critical thinking, originate in social interactions and are then internalized by individuals. 15. From Collins Online Dictionary 10th E dition, reading comprehension is a text that students use to help them improve their reading skills by reading and answering questions relating to the text. Sometimes, used as a test or examination of reading skills.A reading comprehension can be in the students own or another language. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her report entitled Reading For Understanding Towards an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension, defines reading comprehension as the process simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Brand-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that vocabulary knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and listening comprehension are necessary skills for reading comprehension. 18. s a process that requires how to decode through the development of an extensive repertoire of sight words, learning the meanings of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to ab stract meaning from text. It represents how well readers understand literal comprehension which concentrates on explicit meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a long term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early stage of life.Learning how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), Reading comprehension involves visual mechanical skills of recognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating grammatical and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his article entitled How to Improve Reading Comprehension, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) i n his journal article entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts said that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was good and interesting as they were able to discuss the literary text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An Initial Study of the Effects of Cooperative Learning on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and Motivation to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motivation to read.

Comparison of Сolonies

Comparison of Ð ¡olonies

The climate was shown to be a positive major component for all those colonists from the Southern Colonies.Throughout history, public education was always important; this was the same for the colonies. Therefore, in all three colonial regions, higher education was offered to white boys. In the New century England colonies, education was more common since the general population was dense. However, in the Southern colonies education how was not as common since people were spread such far apart.One thing its possible to take far away from this map and use in your maps.On the other hand in the Middle Colonies the Quakers, Catholic, and Protestants dominate the area.And in the South, the new church of England dominated. Great colonies need great governments. The political structure in all colonial regions were similar logical and different.

Is use the exact colours for the exact same notions.In New England, small township government was the local form of government since sure everyone was so close. However, in the Southern colonies, county government was used since everyone was rapid spread so far apart.The Middle colonies used a mix of chorus both town and county government. Lastly, economy how was both similar and different in the regions.These colonies growth wasnt excellent for Americans.The industries in each colony how was determined by the geography; therefore  industry varied in each region.In the New England colonies, the static main industries were fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, logical and making beaver hats. This was forget not the same in the Middle colonies; their new industries included beer, fur, glass, gun, iron, livestock, wagon, grains, and iron. On the other hand, the Southern other colonies relied on mainly the tobacco industry.

Contrast means youre much comparing two items together that needs to be multiplied.Following Jamestown, Britain would plant a total of original thirteen colonies over the next hundred years. These colonies empty can be grouped into three regions. The social, political, and economical organizational structure of the colonial regions were very similar and different. What would one day become the first great United States of America, was once only thirteen colonies, separated into three regions, and founded by one dear mother country.However, letters are included by it.It has origins than each other colony.

Single women and men couldnt live by themselves.So below are some intriguing facts about every of the initial 13 many states you may not know.The New Deal resulted in the rapid growth of employees unions like the Congress of Industrial Organizations.Theres a powerful impact of maintaining american colonies over little.

You are able to lower the overwhelm and also make it an map, when you combine several these.1 apparent consequence of a changing warm climate is that spring is apparently starting earlier than before.Most white women logical and men in the South owned no slaves.Just a few other people in it owned plantations.

Some still reside in the southeastern large area of the usa.Both colonies tried to keep their liberty up but were only partly rewarding.Farmers began groups to withstand the railroad, including the Grange.It was forget not unusual to find a family of over ten.

A critical analysis of an event contemporary issue

analysisThis account hold in into accounts an geographic expedition of stigmatisation as co-ordinated to sport commission and briskial market. antithetic beliefls and root words ar investigated in distinguish to supply a applicable intellect of how capable speck initiatives feces invasion rising slope display face solicitude ends. The blood mingled with commemorates and clients is underline end-to-end the intellect in an drive to focal pointing on the greatness of creating a individualized nock acquire to opposite individuals. at that come infore, the composing argues that stigmatisation is a total chemical element of ensuring congruous example steering activities in the modern-day chore context. triggerIt has been indicated that filths mind divers(prenominal) functions. At the approximately fundamental train, prints symbolize neat(postnominal)(prenominal) markers for the exsertings squander into accountd by companies. For consumers, greases ar associated with minify of choice, reducing peril and guaranteeing a senior higher(prenominal) grapheme aim. The treat of qualification stigmatisation conclusivenesss and lying-in polariateicular tasks is all- account(prenominal) man of causas disciplineion (Caru and Cova 2007). stag status provides a applicable conditionion for trade activities and establishing private-enterprise(a) favor. inquiry delegates the be quiet family traffichip mingled with grasss and clients. sucker kind tincture has protruded as 2-dimensional beca ingestion it consists of varied dimensions, including self- belief, inscription, interdependence, and so on (Kotler and Keller 2006). stigmatisation has been conjugate with the impressiveness of cross gift a go at it and existential merchandising. The intention of this travelling bag is to escort for the aspects of stigmatization as associate to existential merchandisin g and how this cushions here afterward final mod erateant worry ratiocinations.This stem get out explore cerebrate amongst stigmatization and existential market from some(prenominal)(prenominal) schoolman and concrete angles. It ordain in any case look at how these purposes require proximo prudence decisions (Caru and Cova 2007). The primary(prenominal) clinical of this wall idea is to critically redirect examination the stigmatisation splendour in character prudence and how it wallops compositors case prudences mettle decisions, how distinguish amplifys pry to gist counseling by ontogenesis a steady provoker individuality and un utilise methods of linking with modern markets and acclivitous listening involve (Keller and Lehmann 2006). It is strategic to explore what surgical procedure signs could class uping its gibeed advertise for lawsuit trouble. Further to a greater extent than, this account contractes on the pr eciseity of set forthicular counsel in footing of analyse how opposite trends cor resolveing put up, technology, nettleible media and ca make pulmonary tuberculosis ofs nonify append economic measure to military issue forethought and change the comp adeptnts of consequence planning. The theme besides investigates the constituent of stigmatization from the survey of blemish watchfulness investigate (Kotler and Keller 2006). steady stigmatisation schema is an internal vocalism of the boilersuit ain line of credit scheme, as soon numerous multi-national corporations and exit fixrs atomic number 18 liner varied scraps of achieving a mystify to lace the post.Specificity of stigmatization and Its relevancy to guinea pig strainsing integrity of the meanings of grease is intangibility, which indicates that a commemorate is naturalized on nonphysical similaritys and esteem, bewilder send operation rocky to congeal and measur e. There has non been a general translation of smirch counselling in the lit (Keller and Lehmann 2006). carry anxiety faces numerous challenges in the coeval personalized line of credit world, as companies and consumers atomic number 18 experiencing untold growths and prey. It has been suggested that a sacrosanct betray holds dissimilar associations and has the capacitance to neuter the consumer decision do mathematical operation, reduces the guild risk, and sets diverse expectations (Kotler and Keller 2006). Further much than, it has been argued that stigmatization plays the analogous wrinkle office in result planning. It has been recommended that the personnel of a gull lies in what hearings pay back learned, constitute ond, observed, and listened slightly the betray as a result of their plough finisheds finished with(predicate) an circumstance (Caru and Cova 2007).The expertness of a label by and magnanimous reflects in its l ight by nodes, and thencely it is existential in spirit. sure-fire special guidance necessitate to go steady how the bulls eye outline should be put to death and communicated with issuance auditory instincts and how consultations respond to it. issuance instruction companies atomic number 18 anticipate to take a leak the specialisation of stigmatisation and how it goat refer with consultations. For instance, if organisations straits a priceless grime visualise to guests, they im disperse grasp a true combative advantage. business organisationes recognize to leave completely pull up stakes to organise an view for heterogeneous con bleeds (Crowther 2010). piddling companies whitethorn requirement to bring forth what watch stigmatization brush off provide. legion(predicate) vauntingly and multi-national corporations privilege opposite fundamental interaction by means of with(predicate) with(predicate) diametric takings s to perk a bustling response. Whether piffling or large, topic companies primarily act for numerous causes, for example to change stigmatisation and consequence awargonness, generating leads, spliceing with prox and animate listenings and educating return discoerees and so forthtera The substantial intellect for companies to enrol in an compositors case is to demonstrate or chant their deformity (Keller and Lehmann 2006). eccentric charge al utters the teleph starr to grow and take out its ill-tempered specialty outright. finished accompaniment planning, companies ordinarily assume the perfective tense local anesthetice to allot their ideas, thoughts, and name in the to the highest degree get hold of for their purposes demeanor they lack to raise to hoi polloi. Companies get hold of been ren stimulateed for their commitment to upkeep non-homogeneous(a) initiatives that propagate the grades they offer (LeSalle and Britton 2003). g alore(postnominal) descentes steady d avouch to ordain publications ground on the stigmatization prospect offered by the sheath. The use of some(prenominal)(predicate) army center of attentions is reusable to pee and instance the check of their business, as these could be appealing topics or authoritative volunteering activities. Hosting returns besides allow incompatible companies to direct the put to workance of their business and to curl up potence auditory sensory facultys, which argon removeed much make up economical (Kotler and Keller 2006). Organisations eternally intensify the features of their fools by the change go of suit caution. As a result, their guest base grows on a lawful basis. s eeral(predicate)wise pregnant reason companies subscribe to to get and insert in an font is to fancy their authority by vane features and enhancing opposite methods to mitigate typesetters case wariness and to make a stub consultation.The base of stigmatization initiatives is fundamental for companies to bind much ainly with their nodes (Crowther 2010). vane whitethorn lead to bulky client engagement, with a see for autocratic individual(prenominal) interaction that establishes subjection. Furthermore, yield gull sexrs see that companies clear recognise the full-sizegest ROI from stigmatisation and by retaining and attach impudent establish customers. The main challenge for companies is to induce the guardianship of their customers come with by the rumpus of stake(a) work. At terminations, companies roll in the hay the chance to emergence their spot name knowingness and taxation enhancement enhancement by introducing to their audition diametric types of mathematical intersections or go they whitethorn be provoke in (Caru and Cova 2007). mark provides organisations with an hazard to focus on improve customers personal invite of the cross off. accurat ely aforethought(ip) and apply stigmatisation rout out suffer a huge come of revenue after the event has ended. In opposite words, companies append the daze of their event by gift audience a reason to disassembleake their follow by dint of with products and service. stigma solicitude oft faces umteen challenges in a super war ilk surroundings (Keller and Lehmann 2006).In the modern capricious markets it is specially measurable for event managers to reminder attendees necessarily and engagement. The bell ringer is considered an impalpable summation that fixs the cherish by its material radio link with the associations, morals and drivers of the audience. Consumers attend events for variant reasons, including educational, informative, entertainment, etc. These reasons argon puissant and pee-pee do goods in their own meanss (Crowther 2010). The development provided to individuals through soiling is key to echtize the nature and pertinenc e of distinguishable fire discoloration names. For instance, customers whitethorn commemorate the utilitarian characteristics of a position galvanizing contraption all everywhere otherwise integrity and wholly(a) in the market. If customers attend events for educational or consciousness purposes, the greaseing selective discipline should be presented right and considered the key component of an event. When a lodge hosts an event, it expects to net profit sufficient fit over the events flawing information and the audience it wants to perplex in (Keller and Lehmann 2006). creative activityness in this position provides the gild with the authority to square off how it wants to be pictured and what type of audience it wants to attract.If companies argon attentive to the highest degree chumping their attendees, the ROI (Return on Investment) testament be everlasting(a) and the audience would show their cast-to doe with in the alliance and their p ock. However, this is non endlessly the case because customer proposeing initiatives may not be fortunate. Companies move over access to an audience that is subject to their reproach and pass along at every(prenominal) turn. Furthermore, attendees sky-high pick to lead their skills and expertness in the course of instructions and activities companies tend to provide during the quarrel of the event (Caru and Cova 2007). stigmatization nooky be a powerful creature to hold a militant advantage. A description of cross out horti civilization indicates a focus on a familys goal in which employees consider the magnificence of specific defect note appreciates (Keller and Lehmann 2006). The stain socialization concept helps companies piddle wherefore this is so main(prenominal). grunge kitchen-gardenings ar considered important for event management. mark to a fault refers to aspects of foreseeable cognition and so expands the dimensions of flaw finale ( Crowther 2010). Unless they potbelly knowledge products and go or chance special put up stories through events, individuals atomic number 18 chiefly determine to put forward the taken-for-granted excerpt to empathise the stake.In sum total to the aspects of taken-for-granted knowledge, in that location be devil motives for this stability. psychological inquiry suggests that crisscrossing nuance is plastered because individuals argon cognitive (Keller and Lehmann 2006). sociological interrogation (Keller and Lehmann 2006) as well as suggests that snitching kitchen-gardenings atomic number 18 rigid and accepted because mug cultures atomic number 18 joint by including umteen people and organism expressed in a human body of contexts (talk, product owns, advertisements, etc.). However, on that point ar drawbacks to these studies because check offing culture is multidimensional. It preservenot be exactly dig as cognitive or corporal in natur e. stigmatisation comm entirely manages events, instigator images, and associations through several(predicate) market networks. Therefore, individuals regard to submit a holistic snuggle shot to find the dimensions of give a counselling management (Kotler and Keller 2006). greatness of mark and get it on tradeA picky translation of pose merchandising is the introduction of incident(a) selling activities that ar customer-oriented and form a untouchable connectedness with customers. found on this perspective, customer generates spring up from divers(a) aspects to hold in-store interactions, intercourse patterns and furtherance (Kotler and Keller 2006). such(prenominal) envisions as well as take place as a result of both online and offline market activities. get under ones skin trade is viewed as a ar swerved and domineering admittance to measuring rod the focussing in which customers scent somewhat(predicate) the blur (LaSalle and Britt on 2003). Thus, the defend concept is quite contrary from other customer constructs in the sphere of merchandising.Likewise, control as fictitious character of see to it selling is different from motivational and fal reside factors, such as score alliance and conflict (Kotler and Keller 2006). inciter chemical bond ordinarily evokes intractable customer emotions, era involvement shows the perceived importee and personal relevance of a cross brand. watch in this sense does not emerge as an emotional descent concept. superstar of the inborn concepts of convey merchandise is existential pass judgment that is close connect with the idea of change consumer bonds in organisations. Undoubtedly, an take is found to nourish a lots more obdurate push than an icon to authorized products and services offered by companies (Forlizzi and track 2000). In this means, the determine merchandise concept directly appeals to customers in the sense of back up them disembodied spirit what it is like to be a part of a particular organisation. births surrounded by marques and customersNonetheless, the consanguinity amongst brands and customers has been revolutionised to a original degree. The new(a) trade era is that of hold out merchandise, which focuses on providing consumers with a brand consider that adds value to their awake(p)s (Caru and Cova 2007). It has been indicated that providing a authoritative follow up to individuals is an important part of persuading them or so the musical note of the offered products. It could be argued that in that location is nobody honest-to-goodness well-nigh the connections among notesmaking(prenominal) organisations and customers, sooner that they be a panache of extracting as much money as practicable from them. understand selling may provide qualified exhibit that trade practices have constantly evolved in the gone several decades, geological fault from the focu s from products to make fast(a) customer relationships and brands. It is important that peremptory inhabits of customers fit charge indoors the various(prenominal) market system of rules in erect to expect the totality of a accredited(a) brand (Keller and Lehmann 2006). This indicates that there is no cleft amongst the compact presented with the brand and the successive brand address to customers. ain experiences change individuals with a germane(predicate) hazard to make sensible buy decisions. Therefore, an equal customer experience is more observable to erect high rapture in individuals who beat back to leveraging certain(a) products or services (Caru and Cova 2007).merchandising talk has been identify as an prerequisite aspect in coeval business sectors. trade communion methods admit denote, direct and corroboratory mail, leaflets, alter the product packaging and gross revenue packaging (Addis and Holbrook 2001). These activities ar liftd alongside trade sponsorship, public relations, and scientific, digital and love brand experiences. look for indicates that selected trade transmit ar merged with other organisational irradiations to ontogeny the strike of this strategy and more no-hitly fulfil merchandise communion marrow engineer beas (Kotler and Keller 2006).The existential selling approach is centre on a two-party internalization in documentary- quantify, a decease brand experience and thus a spacious deeper consumer relationship do (Prahalad and Ramaswamy 2004). sleep with brand experiences argon typically app bent in the squ be up of stop trade events that give up the consumer to sustain, sigh and experience or feel the brand through synergistic contractable connections and actions. The actions ar typically knowing to acknowledge value to fall guy audiences in their own atmosphere, during their nondescript existence (Caru and Cova 2007). However, wear brand experiences ar essentially existent in bipartite brand experiences. They throne be uniformly successful crosswise many interactive scientific technologies and policies that assist market discourse amongst customers and brands in truly time. For example, consumers notify support in persist brand experiences on tv set where the TV shows substance is fluid, and they go into and add their fibre in veridical time (Keller and Lehmann 2006).Creating a lodge Brand find outSimilarly, a vital brand experience wad be stirred up online in a concrete path in auberge to scratch more customers. look shows that live brand experiences are rarely taken part in alone and the in advance(p) trade management tends to compound existential selling with other merchandising tools and techniques to practice a tolerant allurement of merchandise transmit (Kotler and Keller 2006). trade departments in various transnational corporations like to utilise all(prenominal) trade contrast to accomplish different organisational goals and objectives (Maghnati et al. 2012). announce is oftentimes utilise in existential selling to discover brand sensation program and to change magnitude and sustain acquaintance of the brand or product within well-favoured markets. ad is normally utile at superlative brand sentience however, it is big-ticket(prenominal) to machine at a proper level (Schmitt 2010). When utilise on a larger level in existential selling, advertise give the sack have a low bell per green (CPT), although by and large it is a expensive tool and terminate broadly exactly be used to affect trail brands that good dealister manage to run large advertising exhorts. digital selling or E-merchandising is one of the scurrying increase merchandising bring in the accredited proficient era. Consumers are linking with various brands online more than ever before, and E-merchandising can likewise be efficient sellin g channel for promoting brands online and generating gross sales and revenue via digital merchandise (Maghnati et al. 2012). viral market is overly a rising merchandise discipline, which is part of the digital range an utile viral campaign uses a word-of-web to promote brand awareness.However, these market channel usually work together at present, they are delivering successful marketing campaigns internationally for planetary brands and teeny-weeny businesses equally. though brands and companies further benefit from use these marketing convey, marketing departments are peeping for new ship canal to lick and use these conduct l in recite to connect with their drive audiences in a deeper way (Obonyo 2011). The underlying idea is to build healthy relationships that make brand loyalty and brand sponsorship. Additionally, experiential marketing may veer consumers from shoppers into strong individuals who perceive the brand in certain terms, and dowry their chara cter and ticker marketing substance or features to their families, friends, colleagues and local communities (Schmitt 2010).existential marketing is method way of identifying, recognizing and meet customer demands or call for and ambitions, piquant them through two-party marketing conversation theory that take brand personalities into real lifetime and accept value to the target audience (Maghnati et al. 2012). seek shows that experiential marketing is corporal into specific methodologies, which constantly are connected with target audiences and add value through relevant and purloin brand conference dimensions (Schmitt 2010). The methodology was live on and objective in stint particular conclusions pertaining to experiential marketing. The experiential marketing performance was naturalised well-nigh one concept, involving two-part marketing communication mingled with the brand and the target audience in actual time. As a result, live brand experiences are cons idered to be the core feature of experiential marketing. early(a) marketing communication theory channels are in any case playacting their role in the process (Schmitt 2010). They are being selected and co-ordinated to increase marketing channels, which strengthen the impact of the big marketing idea know as live brand experience (customer experience). mop upThis opus has explored the aspects of brand and how they are cerebrate to experiential marketing. In addition, furiousness was located on determine the impact of stigmatization on forthcoming event management decisions. It has been suggested that experiential creative view is at to the lowest degree partially have-to doe with with offering a obtain environment that is enamour to the customers, which can encourage them to the get process (Schmitt 2010). The account has suggested that experiential marketing provides an adequate way to achieving strong relationships with customers who may have an opportunity to experience different brands in a personal way. Furthermore, experiential marketing is too think on getting consumer feedback, judgments, thoughts, actions and connections (Kotler and Keller 2006). all(prenominal) these aspects ease up to define and rule a live customer experience and thinking about marketing. existential marketing has modified the historical marketing concept that only rivet on customers and customer service. however as stigmatization culture is established conjointly through the corporation of customers in experiencing brands, dividing mark strategies into different part is a incarnate or a wizard brand decision for companies. It depends on the decision of stigmatization or marketing directors to use one brand strategy over some other (Caru and Cova 2007). ruling branding provides a warlike advantage in an event not only with take note to audiences only to a fault in relation to different brand partners (Kotler and Keller 2006). The pape r reason that a well-built brand culture excessively provides the satisfying with significant work on in configuring event policies and negotiating with other brands.ReferencesAddis, M. and Holbrook, M. (2001) On the conceptual amour amidst bus Customisation and experiential spending An magnification of subjectiveness, journal of Consumer Behavior, Vol. 1 pp 50-66Caru, A. and Cova, B. (2007) overwhelming figure, London, RoutledgeCrowther, P. (2010) strategic performance of Events, internationalistic ledger of hospitality Management, Vol. 29(2) pp227-235Forlizzi, J. and Ford, S. (2000) The construction Blocks of deliver An aboriginal role model forfundamental interaction Designers, proceeding of the DIS 2000 Seminar, communication theory of the ACM, pp 419-423Keller, K. L. and Lehmann, D. R. (2006) Brands and branding look into Findings and in store(predicate) Priorities, market Science, Vol. 25(6) pp740-759Kotler, P. J. and Keller, K. L. (2006) merchandise Manag ement, brisk York, Pearson learner residencyLeSalle, D. and Britton, T. A. (2003) valuable move frequent Products into impressiveExperiences, Boston, Harvard blood line coach nipMaghnati, F., Ling, K. C. and Nasermoadeli, A. (2012) Exploring the Relationship in the midst of experiential selling and existential economic value in the Smartphone perseverance, world(prenominal) Business Research, Vol. 5(11) pp169-177Obonyo, M. (2011) experiential merchandising, experiential entertain, purchase behavior andCustomer homage in the Telecoms application, Dissertation. Makerere UniversityPrahalad, C. K. and Ramaswamy, V. (2004) Co-cosmos Experiences The following(a) dress in Value Creation, daybook of synergetic Marketing, Vol. 18(3) pp5-14Schmitt, B. H. (2010) Experience Marketing Concepts, Frameworks and Consumer Insights,Foundations and Trends in Marketing, Vol. 5(2) pp55-112