Cooperative Learning for Positive Interdependence

The effectiveness of apply conjunct attainment in Enhancing study inclusion body for side for Communication II stu hideoutts in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature retrospect 1. John Myers (Cooperative acquirement Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the lexicon expositions of collaboration, derived from its Latin setation, focus on the process of on the job(p) together the root word for cooperation stresses the overlap of such survive. 2. fit in to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & metal scoreer (1991) the six principles of their explanation of a current paradigm of educational activity method and desex cooperation is a structure that was knowing to athletic supporter and eliminate the specific of harvest-time or aims by means of people that functional together in a theme. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), concerted fellowship is overly peerless of rise under The communicatory Approach where it involves a ass ort of exposeers been instructed by genius instructor when they atomic number 18 work together to peg the task or else of competitively working(a) on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) states that reconciling acquire is a special shit of radical t for each oneing which accentuates and structures accessible processes in scholarship and makes them a field of operations of contendion. 5. Cooperative schooling is the instructional use of mild groups os that students work together to increase their take and some others education (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that conjunct attain occurs when instructional methods modify students to work and check over in nice heterogeneous mogul groups.When this happens, reconciling encyclopaedism is subject to operate students into the tender proponent of encyclopedism (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that level off though these thi rd fundamental interaction models atomic number 18 not every bit stiff in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is substantial that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will typesetters case situations in which totally three interaction patterns argon direct and they will deficiency to be adapted to be effective in each.They too should be able to select the impound interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative closing interdependence where, when one person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in joint attainment which is interpersonal and subatomic group skills, reflection to tone interaction, psyche and group accountability, prescribed interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that joint encyclopedism offers a view of nurture which is socially based. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative instruction is an activity involving a small group of study who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and courage (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and joint helpfulness and singular accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of cooperative learning by feeling at ecumenic structures which can be applied to all situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured ascend to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, analysis and taxonomical application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) secern cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more reciprocally searching for attending, solutions or substances or creating a product. 4. ODo nnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because high mental functions, such as reasoning, erudition and critical thinking, begin in social interactions and are hence internalized by individuals. 15. From collins Online Dictionary tenth Edition, denotation recognition is a schoolbookbook that students use to help them better their knowledge skills by narration and answering questions relating to the textbook. Sometimes, utilize as a test or examination of development skills.A practice science can be in the students let or other expression. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her handle entitled packing For Understanding Towards an R&D computer programme in variation apprehension, defines reading acquaintance as the process at the same time extracting and constructing centre by dint of interaction and inter-group communication with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Bran d-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that lexicon knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and earreach wisdom are necessary skills for reading recognition. 18. s a process that requires how to trace through the culture of an extensive repertoire of sight lyric poem, learning the means of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to abstract meaning from text. It represents how well referees understand literal comprehension which concentrates on distinct meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a hanker term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early symbolise of life. development how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), exercise comprehension involves visual robotlike skills of re cognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating well-formed and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his term entitled How to reform Reading Comprehension, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) in his journal clause entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative skill Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts give tongue to that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was sober and interesting as they were able to discuss the literary text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An sign Study of the do of Cooperative encyclopaedism on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and pauperization to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motivation to read.Cooperative Learning for Positive InterdependenceThe Ef fectiveness of using Cooperative Learning in Enhancing Reading Comprehension for English for Communication II students in Universiti Utara Malaysia. Chapter 2 Literature Review 1. John Myers (Cooperative Learning Vol 11 4 July 1991) points out that the dictionary definitions of collaboration, derived from its Latin root, focus on the process of working together the root word for cooperation stresses the product of such work. 2.According to Ted Panitz (1996), he summarize from Johnson, Johnson & Smith (1991) the six principles of their definition of a new paradigm of teaching and define cooperation is a structure that was designed to help and guide the specific of product or aims through people that working together in a group. 3. According to Skinners, et. al (2001), cooperative learning is also one of approach under The Communicative Approach where it involves a group of learners been instructed by one teacher when they are working together to complete the task instead of competiti vely working on it. . Weidner (2003,p. 29) states that cooperative learning is a special form of group teaching which accentuates and structures social processes in learning and makes them a subject of discussion. 5. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups os that students work together to maximize their own and others learning (Johnson, Johnson & Holubec, 1998,p. 15) 6. Robert Slavin (1987), suggested that cooperative learning occurs when instructional methods enable students to work and learn in small heterogeneous ability groups.When this happens, cooperative learning is able to lead students into the social power of learning (Zemelman, Baniel & Hyde, 1993) 7. Roger T. and David W. Johnson (1994), says that even though these three interaction patterns are not equally effective in helping students learn concepts and skills, it is important that students learn to interact effectively in each of these ways. Students will face situations in which all three int eraction patterns are operating and they will need to be able to be effective in each.They also should be able to select the appropriate interaction pattern suited to the situation. An interpersonal, competitive situation is characterized by negative goal interdependence where, when one person wins, the others lose. 8. Borchmann & Kirchmann (2006), found that there 5 basic elements in cooperative learning which is interpersonal and small group skills, face to face interaction, individual and group accountability, positive interdependence and group processing. 9. Cowie and Rudduck, (1988, p. 0), state that cooperative learning offers a view of learning which is socially based. 10. Artzt and Newman(1990), define that cooperative learning is an activity involving a small group of learning who work together as a team to complete a task or accomplish a common goal. 11. Davidson (1990) says that cooperative learning is a task of group discussion and resolution (if possible) requiring face to face interaction, an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual helpfulness and individual accountability. 12.Spencer, Kegan (1990), provided as definition of collaborative learning by looking at general structures which can be applied to any situation. He defines collaborative learning as the structured approach to collaborative learning which is based on the creation, analysis and systematic application of structures or content- free ways of organizing social interaction in the classroom. 13. Goodsell, Maher and Tinto (1992) describe cooperative learning as a working in groups of two or more mutually searching for understanding, solutions or meanings or creating a product. 4. ODonnell (2002) is that this cooperative method enhances social interaction that is important for learning because higher mental functions, such as reasoning, comprehension and critical thinking, originate in social interactions and are then internalized by individuals. 15. From Collins Online Dictionary 10th E dition, reading comprehension is a text that students use to help them improve their reading skills by reading and answering questions relating to the text. Sometimes, used as a test or examination of reading skills.A reading comprehension can be in the students own or another language. 16. According to Snow, Catherine E (2002), in her report entitled Reading For Understanding Towards an R&D Program in Reading Comprehension, defines reading comprehension as the process simultaneously extracting and constructing meaning through interaction and involvement with written language. 17. Aarnoutse, Van den Bos,&. Brand-Gruwel, 1998 Jenkins et al. , (2003), believe that vocabulary knowledge, fluency, word recognition, and listening comprehension are necessary skills for reading comprehension. 18. s a process that requires how to decode through the development of an extensive repertoire of sight words, learning the meanings of vocabulary words encountered in the texts, and learning how to ab stract meaning from text. It represents how well readers understand literal comprehension which concentrates on explicit meaning and inferential comprehension which concentrates on implicit meaning in the reading text. 19. Pressley (2000), states that the development of comprehension skills is a long term developmental process which depends on language and text experiences from early stage of life.Learning how to decode and learning how to abstract the meanings of vocabulary words are commonly encountered in texts. 20. Tahir, (1988, p. 24), Reading comprehension involves visual mechanical skills of recognition, remembering of meaning of words, integrating grammatical and semantic clues and relating to the readers own general knowledge and the knowledge of the subject being read. 21. Daniel E. Himes (2007), in his article entitled How to Improve Reading Comprehension, he supports that cooperative learning is one of the method to improve reading comprehension. 2. Erly Wahyuni (2006) i n his journal article entitled The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique in Increasing the Students Comprehension of Literary Texts said that the learners responses to the cooperative learning in literary text was good and interesting as they were able to discuss the literary text together. 23. Kassim Shaaban (2007,) from his article An Initial Study of the Effects of Cooperative Learning on Reading Comprehension, Vocabulary Acquisition, and Motivation to Read that cooperative learning improves learners motivation to read.